Background: Schools, as social infrastructure and an integral part of society, play an essential role in creating the resilience of the community to natural disasters. This study aims to systematically review and identify and categorize the components affecting schools’ resilience against emergencies and disasters. Materials and Methods: Without any time limit, we will search the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using the three keywords of “ Disaster” , “ School” , “ resilience” , and their synonyms according to the MeSH website terms defined in the PubMed database. The inclusion criteria will be the articles related to school resilience, schools and emergencies and disasters, and school safety and resistance to threats. There will be no restrictions on the type of documentation, and all articles, books, and conference papers will be evaluated in this study. Search syntax strategies will be defined based on the guidance of each database. The final version of EndNote X8 is used to manage databases, delete duplicate and irrelevant articles, and extract relevant articles. The evaluation and selection of articles are based on the research question and the PRISMA checklist. Dissemination: The results of this systematic review determine appropriate criteria for school resilience, which are valuable for decision-makers and politicians, researchers in the field of education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Welfare Organization, Red Crescent, and people interested in research in the field of students and schools, especially in the event of emergencies and disasters. Also, according to the criteria extracted from this systematic review, the difference between resilient and non-resilient schools can be shown from an international perspective.

Background: There are not many studies on relationship between teamwork in pre-hospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and the relationship between teamwork and its consequences is complicated. Objectives: Therefore, the goal of this research is studying the degree of teamwork and its relationship with job and demographic factors of the Emergency Medical Technicians ((EMTs)) in Zanjan Province. Methods: This cross-sectional study focused on the correlation between inclination to teamwork and the demographic features of the (EMTs), using a researcher-made demographic and job features instrument and Patterson’ s EMT-Teamwork scale. The data were analyzed through the SPSS. 16 software, and p<0. 05 level of significance was adopted. The ethical code of IR. ZUMS. REC. 1398. 243 for this research was obtained from Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Results: This cross-sectional study showed mean score of confrontation with teamwork to be 58. 44± 17. 25 and the highest score belonged to Interpersonal Conflict (IC). Furthermore, the mean score of inclination to teamwork was 63. 71± 11. 08 and the highest score in this respect belonged to the partner adaptability and leadership. The linear regression analysis also showed that total teamwork score was statistically significant with respect to the number of missions, workplace and the working environment. Conclusion: The teamwork score of the Emergency Medical Technicians ((EMTs)) IN Zanjan was acceptable and total teamwork score was statistically significant with respect to number of missions, workplace and working environment of the Emergency Medical Technicians ((EMTs)) in Zanjan Province.

Background: Because of the complexity, stressfulness, and the threatening nature of the working environment of prehospital Emergency Medical Technicians ((EMTs)), they encounter many ethical challenges during making decisions and providing quick and accurate care to patients. The present study aimed to investigate the ethical challenges among prehospital (EMTs). Materials and Methods: To review all published studies, we searched SID, Medlib, Iran Medex, Magiran, Web of Science, Medline, Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed, Ovid, and Scopus databases from 2000-18. The keywords were “ ethical challenges” , “ Emergency Medical Technicians” , and “ prehospital Emergency” . Results: According to the evaluation of the studies, the ethical challenge regarding prehospital emergencies included decision over dispatching an ambulance to the scene, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, triage in crisis and disaster, irrational interventions of the patient or patient’ s family, intervention in accordance with patient’ s informed consent, and safe driving. Conclusion: Considering the unique conditions of prehospital caring, identifying, and discovering the ethical conflicts in this field of the health care system and providing the appropriate solution are very important.

Introduction: Emergency Medical Technicians ((EMTs)) should be always prepared to deal with the stressful condition of treating patients with serious physical and emotional injuries. Given that (EMTs) consider safety the first priority, they must pay adequate attention to their own physical well-being and fitness to practice. Objective: The present study was conducted to analyze the fitness of Jordanian (EMTs). Method: The present prospective study was conducted to evaluate the well-being of Jordanian paramedics. The survey was designed using Google forms, which were completed by the participants. The data collection tools comprised an already-designed checklist, including items such as age, gender as well as height and weight, which are used for calculating body mass index (BMI). In addition, the presence of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, renal failure and cardiorespiratory diseases as well as the history of surgeries and disabilities were investigated. The participants were also asked about their smoking status and other health-related habits. Results: Out of 115 surveys conducted, 7 were discarded owing to loss of information or making completion mistakes. Out of the remaining 108 respondents, 82 (75. 9%) were male and below 10% were over the age of 30 years. BMI was over 25 in 40. 7% of the respondents, and only 4 (3. 7%) had chronic diseases. Moreover, 46 (42. 6%) respondents were smokers, and only 30 (27. 8%) performed regular exercise. Conclusion: The present findings suggest health problems in a small percentage of the (EMTs), potentially due to the appropriate support provided by the employers or university authorities in this regard. The major health problem was overweight and unhealthy lifestyle, including smoking and not doing regular exercise.

Background and Objective: The present study aimed to assess the educational needs of the Medical Emergency Technicians in Tehran Emergency center, Iran.Materials and Methods: This descriptive and applied survey that was conducted on three groups Emergency Medical services groups including Medical Emergency Technicians, senior Technicians, and supervisors and senior managers. Stratified random sampling and convenience sampling was performed for sample size. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, of which the formal and content validity was confirmed by experts. In addition, reliability coefficient of all the items in the questionnaire was estimated at the Cronbach’s alpha of 97.4%. Data were collected by qualified researchers, and data analysis was performed in SPSS version 23.Results: Theoretical educational needs of the participants were related to professional legal issues, technician tasks in crises, and principles of report writing. On the other hand, practical educational needs were related to out-of-hospital births, exposure to environmental emergencies, psychological and communicable diseases, care of burn patients, report writing, and completing operational forms. The lowest score belonged to the domain of ‘efficacy of educational courses’, which highlights the necessity of providing relevant courses to address the employees’ needs.Conclusion: Findings of the present study emphasized on the importance of assessing the educational needs of Emergency center employees based on their requirements for developing and planning the necessary educational courses in this regard.

Background Psychological problems such as death depression can have adverse effects on Emergency Medical Technicians ((EMTs)) including reduced quality of Medical services, job dissatisfaction, feelings of incompetence, depression, and reduced job values. Objective This study aims to determine the factors predicting death depression of (EMTs) in Iran. Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 2019, participants were 125 eligible (EMTs) in hospitals affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in Qazvin, Iran. Templer’ s Death Depression Scale (DDS) and a demographic form were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings The Mean± SD DDS score was reported 4. 73± 2. 93. Most of subjects (n=79, 63. 2%) had low death depression. According to the results of linear regression analysis, “ number of resuscitation attempts in the last 3 months” , “ organizational position” and “ history of depression” were the predictors of death depression (P<0. 05). In total, the regression model predicts 9% of the variance in death depression. Conclusion Death depression of (EMTs) in Iran is low. Due to the importance of mental health in Medical staff in providing quality clinical services, it is recommended that further studies should be conducted in this area using a larger sample size.

Background & Objectives: The death anxiety is defined as the fear of your death and others. The students of Medical Emergency and Emergency Technicians are encountered with the scenes of sudden death and sometimes terrifying scenes more than other people. This research was done to study the death anxiety and its related factors. The study examined the death anxiety in students of Medical emergencies and Emergency Technicians performed.Materials & Methods: The present cross-sectional study was done on 157 students in Sabzevar, 75 Emergency Technicians and 82 Emergency Medical students. Sampling was done using enumeration and gathering information took place by a two-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics and Templer’s standard questionnaire of death anxiety. The data was analyzed by using T-test, correlation and regression.Results: The results showed that there’s a significant difference (p=0.000) between the Medical Emergency students’ mean score of death anxiety (6.2±41.24) and the Emergency Technicians (7.6±27.26). The mean score has also a significant statistical relationship with the students’ marital status, employment status, educational certification, age and occupation (student/ technician; p=0.000), but in Emergency Technicians, the mean score didn’t have a significant statistical relationship with the parents’s (p<0.088), being interested in the major, the number of work shifts and missions (p<0.123).Conclusion: Since the death anxiety is impressive on the Medical personnel’s’ performance and health, it’s vital to pay attention to its spread level and presenting the modification solutions. The supportive systems of Emergency and Emergency Medical teams should step in the process and the techniques of dealing with stress and anxiety should also be trained.

Introduction: This article aimed to study the main constituents of professional information seeking in organizational context of Emergency Medical Management (EMS) and Disaster Management Center in Bushehr City, Iran. In this study, we tried to investigate the relationship between job duties, professionalism, and information sources in organizational context.Methods: This study was done on the basis of a qualitative method called "interpretive field study". The method of data gathering was interview, observation, and the investigation of Emergency Medical Management documents. For data analysis, at first the concepts was extracted from the interviews and then, they were clustered. Finally, describing the relationship among the set of concepts, a model was presented for information Seeking of Bushehr Emergency Medical management Technicians.Results: In this model, it became clear that the nature of job of Emergency Medical management Technicians had divided their information seeking to two part: during the processes and after the processes. During the implementation of processes, information seeking was done in the decision-making time which was based on experience and collective consultation. After the implementation of the processes, to answer the information needs, the search for sources began. Method of discerning the information needs, searching for sources (experience, group consultation, official sources, …) during the implementation of process and after that, depended on job training, personal behaviors, and organizational norms which were present in study context.Conclusion: The Emergency Medical management authorities should consider the nature of profession and organizational context in information seeking behavior and should utilize from various information seeking pattern to meet the information requirements of Emergency Medical management Technicians.