The study of the effect ofhigh voltage Electricpulses on biomembranes has become one of the most exciting topics in the biophysical and biotechnological areas. Electric pulses with high Electric field intensity can cause transmembrane Electrical potential which is normally about 60 to 110 mv, is raised to about 1v ,and irreversible cell membrane breakdown occurs, thrs forms the basisfor microbial inactivation in novel operations such as nonthermal process for liquidfoods pasteurization. To determine microbial inactivation bypulsed Electricfield treatment Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a concentration of 106 mr1 was inoculated in apple juice. The selected field intensities were 13,22,35 and 50 kv/cm. The number of pulses were selectedfrom 2 to 10 with pulse duration of2.5 ms. The rate of inactivation increases with an increase in the Electricfield intensity, pulse duration or applied number of pulses. Survival fraction of microorganisms after applying Electricalpulses in different cells orfoods isn"t identical. The C in this method is smaller jinal applejuice temperature of 30 oC than the traditional heat pasteurization temperature of 80 oC. Pulsed Electric field is a cost-effective technology for liquid foods pasteurization ,utilizing less than 10% of the energy necessary for traditional heat pasteurization.

A type II (eoe: extraordinary-ordinary-extraordinary) phase matching condition in a 2nd Harmonic Generation of Nd-YAG laser under a high Electric field in a uniaxial KDP crystal has been measured. Type II phase matching takes place when the two mixing waves are of orthogonal polarizations (extraordinary-ordinary) and the 2nd harmonic radiation corresponds to an extraordinary wave. By applying an Electric field along the X(Y) axes of the crystal, a new phase-matching angle was measured under the influence of different Electric fields. The deflection angle of the SHG beam was measured as a function of the applied voltage. An optical collector will focus the 1st harmonic and a fraction of its 2nd harmonic generation used in surgical operations.

This study is about the non-uniform Electric field for splitting of water in oil emulsion. If the process occurs in an inhomogeneous Electrical field, the drops are polarized and then their mobility is increased.The emulsion drops will be charged and move toward the central point of splitter where the maximum intensity of Electrical field has been concentrated. In this process, the drops encounter and form bigger and heavier drops, which are settled down due to gravity. Using the non-uniform Electric method with 10500 Volt intensity, 50 Hertz frequency and 1 degree Celsius temperature, the 99 % splitting of emulsion was observed.

Industrial demands for more compact heat exchangers are a motivation to find new technology features. Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is introduced as a promising phenomenon for heat transfer enhancement mechanisms. Similar to any new technology, EHD has not been understood completely yet and requires more fundamental studies. In boiling phase change phenomena, nucleation is the dominant mechanism in heat transfer. Because of higher performance in heat transfer, nucleate boiling is considered as the main regime in thermal components. Hence, bubble dynamic investigation is a means to evaluate heat transfer. This study investigates bubble formation, including homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, from a thermodynamic point of view. Change in availability due to bubble embryo nucleation is discussed. Stability criteria these systems are theoretically studied and results are discussed considering experimental data. In addition, a conceptual discussion on entropy generation in a thermodynamic system under Electric field is presented.

It is known, that conductivity of liquid media as well as biological objects directly related to the mobility of ions, which in turn depends on Electric field strength. This article describes general principles and applications of method and hand-made conductometry device for measurement conductivity of a single biological cells and liquid media in pulsed Electric field with rising strength. The device allows to determine the conductivity in the range 0. 1-105 μ S/cm (with an error about 3%) in the field strengths 0-10 kV/cm, pulse duration 50 μ s, repetition period 5-10 s. Conductometric measurements were carried out on mouse and cow oocytes in 0. 3 M solution of sucrose and some 0. 3M aqueous solutions: xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, sucrose, conventional distillate and deionized apyrogenic water. It was found that with rising in the field strength, the conductivity of cells first increases gradually and almost linearly in the range 0. 2-1. 3 kV/cm, and then sharper and finally exponentially, with strength more 2. 8 kV/cm and 3. 3 kV/cm for mouse and cow oocytes respectively, i. e., Electric breakdown of the cell membrane occurs. The conductivity of liquid media is almost independent of the field strength, but small variations in some media have shown the presence of conductive impurities in them, which are absent in the solvent. Thus, the cell conductivity changes in rising field strength can detect and investigate all stages of membrane electroporation (reversible and irreversible Electric breakdown) and the method can serve for estimating the purity of the initial reagents as well as quality control of other liquid media.

The behavior of a bubble in diElectric viscous fluid under Electrical field is numerically studied using the lattice Boltzmann method base on the Shan-Chen model. Deformation of the bubble is considered including the effects of buoyancy and Electric forces induced from the external applied Electric field. A computer code is written to solve the problem, which includes solving the flow field and Electric field. To validate the results of the flow field, two tests have been employed: the free-bubble rising test and the Laplace test. In order to check the results of the Electric field, the deformation of static drop under Electric field is compared with two-dimensional Taylor equation. The comparison of results between present study and previous researches shows that there is a good agreement between the results. The results reveal that the Electric field affects and controls the shape, velocity, and location of the bubble. For positive discriminating function, the rising bubble velocity decreases by increasing the Electric capillary number, while the reverse trend is observed for negative discriminating function. In higher Eotvos numbers, the increase of Electrical field causes the bubble break up for positive discriminating function. Also, larger difference function leads to bubble break up at lower Electrical capillary numbers.

In this study examined the impact of Electric fields and different exposure time in the yield component and some physical treatments canola seeds (Brassica napus L.) of SLM046 cultivar. Experiments were done in agriculture Engineering research Farm of Aboureihan Campus-Pakdasht, University of Tehran during 2007-2008. This experiment was split plot based on completely randomized block design (RCB) with 3 replications and 25 treatments. The main factor different exposure time (0, 15, 45, 80, 150 sec) and the second factor Electric field strength (at 0, 2, 4, 9, and 14 kV/cm). This research is focused on the number of pods in plant, number of grain in pod, biological yield and oil percentage the comparison is done under the condition of Electric field and non Electric field. The results of this study showed that the effect of the Electric field treatments on the canola seed were more significant under field conditions.

Background and Objective: Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable resources such as edible and non-edible oil-bearing seeds. Unlike conventional biodiesel processes, to simplify production process and reduce production costs, transesterification can be performed on the oil-bearing seeds directly and without prior extraction. Method: In this study, application of pulsed Electric field and its effects on the efficiency of mass production of ester crushed canola seed by reactive extraction with the optimum ratio of methanol to oil and concentration of catalyst were discussed. Esther mass efficiencies were compared in the processes with and without Electric field. Findings: According to the results, the optimal methanol to oil ratio of 1: 475 and a catalyst concentration of 0. 1 mol NaOH/kg methanol were obtained. Using the pulsed Electric field pre-preparation method, the biodiesel mass efficiency in reactive extraction at a moderate temperature increased and reached over 76% only in 1 minute. Also, studies have shown that the using a field of 7kV/cm increases mass efficiency by 9– 58. 5% and increases the conversion rates compared to the control sample in moderate temperature and particles sizes of 1200-300 micron by about 1%. Study of the effective parameters showed an increase in the frequency and number of pulses, temperature and particle size, leading to increase of the efficiency of biodiesel production. Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate that the Electric field pulse could be desirable as a way to generate and optimize the efficiency of the extraction process used under low temperature conditions.