ABSTRACT Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on Ecosystems have caused concern. This research seeks to test whether vegetation changes are sensitive to climate shocks and also how the Ecosystem recovery process is through this index. In this regard, by using the GEE platform, Java coding, GIS and statistical analysis, vegetation and Palmer indices were calculated and based on time series climate data, vegetation and climate changes were presented. The results of Palmer's drought index show that during the statistical period (1985-2020) the study area is facing drought or is moving towards drought. Also, the results indicate the longest period of drought in the region from 2013 to 2020. Totaly from 420 evaluated months, the NDVI index is below the change threshold in 70 months. Among these, 31 months of the study period is below the acceptable threshold in green and non-reservoir seasons, which is ecologically worrying. The distribution of the vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 had a normal and almost normal distribution; But in 2020, the graph deviated from the normal state and skewed towards the vegetation cover index under stress or even thin covers. According to the analysis of the indicators, it is predicted that the Gorgan region is on the border of such ecological developments and the historical Ecosystem of the region is moving towards new Ecosystems or being in a new equilibrium state with climatic conditions and human disturbances Extended Abstract Introduction Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on terrestrial Ecosystems have caused great concern to humans. These changes are effective on vegetation performance, plant distribution patterns, and have economic and environmental consequences. Therefore, it is important to know the behavioral pattern of vegetation changes against climate changes. Reviewing the studies of scientists in the world shows many researchers have used the NDVI index to study temporal and spatial changes in vegetation and its relationship with the climatic index of precipitation in different parts of the world. Studies have shown that NDVI follows precipitation with different time scales. Surveys showed that there are very few studies on determining the threshold of changes in the vegetation cover index in the face of climate shocks. Determining these thresholds can provide a suitable solution for evaluating the state of the Ecosystem, the consequences of climate shocks and the reversibility or disturbance in the Ecosystem. This study was conducted with the aim of improving our understanding of the dynamics of vegetation in the forest city of Gorgan during 1985-2020 against climatic stresses.   Methodology The current research is a comparative and monitoring research and seeks to test whether changes in vegetation cover are sensitive to climate shocks and also how the Ecosystem recovery process is through this index. To achieve the gole, first, NDVI index was selected among the optimal vegetation indices and its calculation process was done as a time series in the GEE system. In parallel with those climate shocks, the main elements including temperature, precipitation and storm were calculated during the historical process of 35 years and the average and standard deviation statistical indicators were calculated for them and the trend of changes in the thresholds was determined. The results of climate plots and climate changes show that in the years before 1985, 2005 and 2020, drastic changes have occurred in climatic elements and climatic factors. Therefore, these years can be considered as the periods when the climate shock happened.. Next, the region was divided into 436 hexagons and the NDVI index for each of the hexagons was calculated and modeled for the years 1985, 2005 and 2020 as selected years affected by climate shocks. In conclusion, to analyze the trend of changes in the time series of the vegetation index and compare the behavior of its changes with climatic indices, the Palmer index was calculated.   Results and discussion The results of climate change monitoring based on the Palmer index showed that during the statistical period the study area is facing drought in most years. The most severe climatic fluctuations and drought in the region were recorded in 2018 and in the months of October to December. The longest period of drought has also prevailed in the region from 2013 to 2020. During this period, rainfall, temperature and storm fluctuations have the most changes. The results of drought monitoring show that in 270 months, the region is facing climatic drought stress, 57 months of the study period, the region is facing severe and very severe drought stress. The results of the time series of the NDVI vegetation index showed that, out of the 420 evaluated months, 70 months of the year the NDVI index is below the change threshold, 31 of which are in the green and non-accumulating seasons, the seasons when the vegetation is expected to be at its maximum. Placing below the acceptable range means crossing the ecological thresholds and challenges the recovery and restoration of the Ecosystem, also the ecological performance will be affected at this point. Based on the assessment of the Palmer index, from 2014 to 2019, the situation of the Palmer index is in the extreme drought range. Also, since 2015, i.e. with a one-year time delay, NDVI index has experienced the lower limit of the equilibrium threshold of vegetation cover. These conditions are also valid for the years 2008, 2009, 2002 and 1997. In general, it can be said that the vegetation cover index is dependent on climatic changes and fluctuations and shows high sensitivity to changes. The important point in this section is that in the years when the NDVI index changes are at the lower limit of the threshold, we witness the most climate shocks and temperature changes, the occurrence of severe storms and precipitation fluctuations. The distribution of the vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 have a normal distribution; but in 2020, the graph has deviated from the normal state and skewed towards the vegetation cover index under stress or even thin covers. The visual interpretation done on the vegetation cover index in 1985 confirms the condition of the vegetation cover in the southern and western limits of the region in a state with suitable dense and pasture vegetation and forest cover on the edges. However, in 2005 and 2020, this cover has been changed and mainly turned into agricultural land and poor rangeland. In such a way that in 2020, the situation of the region has revealed the critical state of vegetation. The vegetation cover index in the central areas of the city has also reached from a relatively favorable situation in 1985 to a critical situation with almost no dense and stress-free vegetation cover in 2020. The results of the present studies are consistent with the studies of Visentr Serrano et al. in 2013 and confirm the relationship between NDVI vegetation and climate change. In addition, the results of the studies are consistent with the studies of Alwesabi 2012, Xiai & Moody, 2005 and Yan et al. 2001. In such a way that the present study and the aforementioned studies all confirm the influence of the vegetation index on climate fluctuations and precipitation with a one-year time difference.       Conclusion In general, the threshold is defined as a border with different conditions. After crossing the thresholds, the stability and positioning of the NDVI in the equilibrium range is often difficult, and the Ecosystem is constantly spending energy to restore itself or to position itself in a new stability state. The result of the mentioned disorders is the reduction of resilience and resistance in the region, which leads the Ecosystem to alternative states or crossing the threshold or being in a new equilibrium state. The results showed that the areas where green vegetation is concentrated and denser are less affected by climatic stresses and show more resilience. However, the areas that have become spots and islands due to destruction in the urban areas are more affected by climatic stress and destruction and show less tolerance against the destruction factors. The results help managers to focus their management plans for the preservation and maintenance of urban green spaces as well as forest and pasture ecotones on the edge of the city by knowing the thresholds.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

An international Ecosystem of marketing is a network of different actors whose success and survival depend on each other. This concept implies that organizations should not be considered as separate actors but as part of an Ecosystem. The main objective of the current research is to design an international marketing Ecosystem for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In fact, this study was designed to identify the main actors of the international marketing Ecosystem for small and medium-sized enterprises. The methodology used in this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population of this study is Tehran's small and medium-sized enterprises which have an experience in international markets. The statistical sample of this research is also experts and professors who are familiar with the topic of this research and managers with experince of small and medium-sized companies which were identified through snowball sampling technique. In the qualitative phase, the grounded theory method has been used. A total of 126 codes were identified in the form of sentences, pseudo-sentences, and words. The afforementioned codes are categorized into 24 concepts and 7 categories that include the following seven categories as major players in the international marketing Ecosystem for small and medium enterprises: government, capital, market, nongovernmental organizations, infrastructures, culture, and educational institutions. In the quantitative part, for the confirmation of identified elements in the territory of the international marketing Ecosystem, a researcher-made questionnaire, which was the result of the output of the qualitative research section, was distributed to 130 managers of the small and medium-sized enterprises in Tehran. Finally, the identified elements in the form of an international marketing Ecosystem were designed by using expertise opinions.

A sustainable entrepreneurial Ecosystem is developed and expanded with an emphasis on innovation-based entrepreneurship in emerging Start-ups. This phenomenon requires identifying the influencing factors in this process. This study aimed to analyze the agricultural start-up Ecosystem in order to provide a model of the entrepreneurship in Iran. A survey research method was applied to achieve research objectives. The population of the study consisted of managers of agricultural Start-up of Iran, (N= 90). The questionnaire was the main instrument to collect data. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. In total, the research results showed that 9 constructs and 131 sub-constructs could explain 82.1% of the variance of entrepreneurial sustainability in agricultural Start-ups. Based on the obtained results, the overall goodness of fit statistics shows that the structural model fits well with the data. The planners of the agricultural entrepreneurship sector can play an effective role in smoothing the development path of agricultural entrepreneurship in Start-ups by using the results of this study and considering the identified factors.

Extended abstractIntroduction: Goods and services that are provided by Ecosystems in favorable environmental conditions, for the welfare of humans, are called Ecosystem services. Recreational Ecosystem service, which is in the category of cultural services, is one of the most valuable services in urban Ecosystems, which increases the physical and mental health of the urban residents. Recreational value is defined as the capacity of Ecosystems to provide recreational opportunities such as walking, cycling, plant and animal viewing, running and outdoor sports. Due to the importance of Ecosystem services, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and quantifying recreational services in Behbahan county.Materials and methods: In this study, a combination of Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 images was used to prepare a land use map for 2021. The image was prepared with the maximum Likelihood algorithm in 12 class. Outdoor recreation was also modeled by the Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) method. In this model, the final recreation map is classified into 9 classes. This model can be used in almost all surveys of the landscape and it is a practical process with principles that force managers to justify management from the three perspectives of resource protection, opportunity for public use, and meeting favorable conditions in the region.Results and discussion: The results of recreational Ecosystem service supply in Behbahan county show that the sixth Category (Medium provision - not easily accessible) and the eighth Category (High provision - accessible) in the current situation have the highest and lowest land cover, respectively. The places in the northeast of the region have the highest recreational potential due to the location of the Maron Dam and the protected areas of the city. In addition, there are no human activities and aggregation of urban areas in these Places. In the center of the region, due to the accumulation of urban areas and the network of roads, the recreational potential is at its lowest. Also, parts of the south and west of the region have relatively favorable recreational potential. The composition of the area cover in these parts includes water areas and dense range. According to the results, recreational opportunities were affected by topography. Because in the northern landscape, due to the mountainous nature and other natural attractions (water bodies, forests and protected areas), there are more recreational opportunities than the center and other parts which is located at lower altitudes and is mainly covered by human activities. In addition, places with low population density and far from the city center and roads always show a higher opportunity for recreation.Conclusion: According to the results, understanding the environmental effects of land use change and urban sprawl on recreational Ecosystem service may help to achieve cost-effective results in the future. In this regard, policymakers and planners of Behbahan county should focus on improving leisure opportunities in the central, southern, western and southwestern regions. Due to the fact that recreational Ecosystem service in Behbahan county is different in different places, thus, this result highlights the importance of using the value of Ecosystem services in urban planning and policy priorities.

The issue of exploiting and nurturing entrepreneurial mentors is a new approach to the sustainable development of the entrepreneurship Ecosystem. The present study was formed with the aim of developing Ecosystem of entrepreneurship mentors and in this regard, while explaining the concept, has explained the ecological and environmental factors of its formation. This research is exploratory in terms of purpose, developmental in terms of result, and qualitative in terms of data type. Interview and questionnaire tools were used to collect information and confirm their quality. Content analysis methods were used to extract information from the interview data. Entrepreneurship mentors in accelerators in Tehran province formed the research participants. Sampling was purposeful and 11 participant were selected using the snowball method. Findings show that the categories of mentoring education, organizational and governmental factors in the dimension of formal factors and society and mentoring culture and mentoring family in the dimension of informal factors along with 12 concepts form the model of entrepreneurial mentoring Ecosystem.

Entrepreneurship in the world, especially in Western developed countries, the much interest in recent years the concept of entrepreneurial Ecosystems and integrating the separation of infrastructure services needed by entrepreneurs and governments innovative citizens, industrialists and entrepreneurs to create. a person apart from the idea of an entrepreneur, long way to run and deliver it to the finally, profitability and growth of the organization. In many cases the idea does not run and stays in the mind. Entrepreneurship Ecosystem is composed of the factors in the development of entrepreneurship involved. Macro-economic factors, cultural, social and political willingness and ability to influence the choice of entrepreneurial activity. Hence the to create an entrepreneurial environment, due to factors such as culture, policy, Financial resources, human capital, market and support services as areas entrepreneurship Ecosystem is of particular importance.