From time immemorial, various experts have emphasized the role and place of nature in education, especially in childhood. One of the practical experiences in using nature to learn children is the experience of establishing nature schools. The school of nature is similar to the idea of experienced forest schools outside of Iran. The first Iranian nature school, "Kaveh Konj", was launched in 2014 in Mashhad. According to statistics provided in February 2019, 61 nature school are working in our country. Considering the fact that the establishment of nature schools in Iran is a new and different experience with the official education system of the country and has been less studied in academic studies, this article aims to provide learning resources, teaching-learning features, Evaluation methods and the role of children and facilitators in nature schools. The present study was carried out using a qualitative method of phenomenological type. In order to carry out the research, among the nature school facilitators who were engaged in the academic year of 2018-2019, 12 were selected as samples and semi-structured interviews were conducted; besides collecting data through interviews with facilitators, the observation and visiting of the nature schools of the sample member and the study of previous studies and related resources existing in relation to the nature schools were also used. The purpose of this research is to answer the following questions: 1) What is the nature of materials and learning resources in nature schools? 2) What are the characteristics of teaching-learning in nature schools? 3)What role do facilitators play in the learning process of nature schools learning? 4) What role do children play in the learning process of nature schools learning? 5) What are the assessment methods of how children learn in nature schools? Summary of the answer to the first question: The nature of the learning resources that exist in the schools of nature, with the idea that there are traditional schools, varies greatly. The learning resources used in nature schools are more natural than natural materials such as wood, rope, wood part of a tree, sand, and so on. Though in cases of abnormal materials such as hut, magnifier, magnets, computers, books, but they decide on their use of their children. Summary of answer to second question: The use of experience, multiple senses, and the use of games in learning, interacting with non-aged children, the lack of emphasis on learning learning and teaching directly from teaching-learning features in nature schools. Summary of the answer to the third question: A good facilitator in the first stage should be a strong and sensitive observer in order to be able to see the child well and see and record his changes and activities, and then adjust his actions based on what he has seen and experienced. A facilitator is sometimes required to observe for a long time patiently the behavior of a child and have no intervention, and Sometimes it may be his thrill and play with him and in some situations it is possible to disclose that by providing data the window opens the window of information for children. In other words, facilitating the role of not giving information but providing opportunities for children to experience the richness of their environment. He listens carefully to the advisor, hears heartily and responds to their questions as indirectly and as straightforwardly as possible. Summary of the answer to the fourth question: Children an important role in the school of nature, because all activities of the children are carried out by themselves; They are free from judgment by anyone, so that they can execute, discover, touch, and experience what is in their minds. Summary of the answer to question 5: The method of evaluation in the schools of nature varies with the evaluation method in the traditional schools. The results of an interview with facilitators can be found that there are no examinations and grades in the nature school, and therefore there is no competition and ranking among children. In a conclusion, according to the results of this study, it can be seen that the school of nature is a place where children from 3 to 12 years old can spend time from nature to the observation of their time from day to day of the week. According to some facilitators of these schools, in the interviews conducted, nature schools do not have an approved educational program, and there is no curriculum there. In these schools, there are people who have an EYE on observing children's environmental experiences and contributing to their experience in nature. Recent research results suggest that the school's nature is working to provide a rich platform for creating diverse and varied experiences for Helping to boost children's talents, although the vacancy of this issue is felt strongly in current school curricula, but the lack of presentation of specific curriculum areas, especially for children using these schools as alternative to traditional schools, can be It will challenge these children in the future. It's also a meme The position of these schools simply because extra-curricular activities are reduced. In order to overcome this concern, joint training of specialist education specialists, in particular curriculum studies with school principals and the use of global experiences, especially the experience of forest schools, can be effective in developing a curriculum and improving the quality of these schools. Given the fact that the establishment of nature schools in Iran has not been taking place for a long time, this could be the subject of research for future researchers. Examples are the comparison of nature schools with traditional schools, the impact of these types of schools on children's learning and the comparison of nature schools and schools Forest and comparative studies in this field can be the subject of future research. In this study, as in any other research, there were some limitations. A summary of this limitation could be as follows:-The lack or lack of research and the lack of similar work on nature schools-Distribution of nature schools and access problems-The lack of cooperation of some schools

Purpose: To evaluate the success rate and complications of single-plate Molteno tube implantation inpatients with intractable glaucoma.Methods: This study was conducted on records of patients who underwent Molteno tube implantation from 1995 to 2000 and had at least 18 months of follow-up.Results: Thirty six EYEs of 35 patients including 20 male and 15 female subjects with mean age of 29.7±25.3 yr (range 3-77 yr) were enrolled in the study. Intraocu1ar pressure (IOP) was 34.48±10.39 mmHg with use of 2.3±0.8 drugs which decreased to 17.97±7.63 mmHg with 1.9±1.2 drugs after 32.8±16.14 months of follow-up. (p<0.0001) Complete success (IOP£21 mmHg without medication), qualified success (IOP£21 mmHg with medication), and total success rates (summation of complete and qualified success rates) were 19.5%, 55.6%, and 75%, respectively. At final follow-up, visual acuity was improved³1 line in 10 (27.8%), decreased³1 line in 8 (22.2%) and remained unchanged in 18 (50%) EYEs. Postoperative complications occurred in 20 EYEs (55.6%) including encapsulated bleb in 10 (27.8%), tube-iris touch in 4 (11%), flat anterior chamber in 3 (8.4%), tube-corneal touch in 2 (5.6%), and retinal detachment, tube-lens touch, and tube blockage each in 1 (2.8%). Intraocular pressure dropped to zero in one EYE and vision was lost.Conclusion: In EYEs at high risk for trabeculectomy failure, implantation of the Molteno tube can be considered as a procedure with high success for controlling intraocular pressure and preservation of vision. Long term follow up is recommended to ensure adequate management of the frequent complications of this procedure.

Cardiomyocytes proliferate and form the heart in the embryonic period, but proliferation stops soon after birth. Cardiac diseases stay the leading reason of death universal, both in developed and developing countries. Cardiac diseases can develop quickly, including acute myocardial infarction, or progress slowly, such as cardiac remodeling, which is determined by cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis that can finally cause to heart failure. Stem cells are a good alternative for regenerative medicine because of their characteristics such as self-renewal and differentiation potential. They are classified into different types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, and ultimately uni-potent stem cells. Albeit embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into cardiac cells and show powerful therapeutic potential for heart diseases, the ethical controversies surrounding the origin of embryonic stem cells hinder its broad usage in patients. Mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into a different of cell types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and stromal cells. They can be extracted from different tissues including the liver, blood, bone marrow, synovium, umbilical cord blood, gut, lungs, adipose tissue, umbilical cord Wharton’ s jelly, EYE conjunctiva, dermis, dental pulp and amniotic fluid. Also, mesenchymal stem cells can be expressed CD105, CD73 and CD90, and lack expression of the haematopoietic markers CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79alpha or CD19 and HLA-DR surface molecules. Mesenchymal stem cells have various advantages of easy accessibility, strong capacity of proliferation, immune modulatory properties, and migration to damaged tissues. Due to the lack of graft loss, they are an appreciate option for cell therapy, especially ischemic heart disease. Nowadays, it is generally accepted that the observed therapeutic impact induced by mesenchymal stem cells is chiefly based on the secretion of paracrine factors rather than on the differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Many agents such as cytokines, growth factors, and small molecules have been shown to promote cardiac cell differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. Direct and indirect culture systems with myocardial cells and other cardiac cells in order to benefit from the factors secreted by these cells can increase the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocytes like cells. The cardiomyocytes differentiation is regulated by different transcription factors such as GATA4, and Nkx2. 5. Also, different signaling pathways such as Transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β ), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), WNT, and Notch play key roles in regulating proliferation, cardiomyocytes differentiation, and survival of mesenchymal stem cells. In this review, we focus on miRNAs and their roles on cardiomyocytes differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Following an introduction to the non-coding RNAs, micro-RNAs and mechanism of miro-RNA functions, we then discuss what is currently known about the expression of miRNAs in embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we discuss current knowledge of miRNAs regulatory role in mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into cardiomyocytes. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNA (21– 25 nucleotides) involved in regulation of cell behavior either through inhibition of mRNA translation or promoting mRNA degradation. Since its identification as a major component of a broadly conserved mechanism that regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally, the miRNA pathway has emerged as one of the most widely evaluated pathways of the past decade. miRNAs are both pleiotropic and redundant, and it has been suggested that at least 30% of human genes are regulated by the cooperation among miRNAs: one mRNA can be recognize by various miRNAs and one miRNA can recognize several mRNAs. miRNA profile studies have showed that miRNAs are selectively expressed in various tissues and at different developmental stages. miRNA signatures for mesenchymal stem cells of different origin have shown the expression of defined patterns of miRNAs involved in the maintenance of stem cell properties such as proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation capacity. Many miRNAs are expressed in various tissues; they can be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of certain diseases. Also, mi-RNAs have been studied more than other types of non-coding RNAs. The increasing evidence displays that miRNAs are involved in many pathological conditions, such as cancer, arrhythmias, cardiac infarction, virus infection, and Alzheimerchr('39')s disease, which has been suggested as a new target to cure these diseases. The regulatory function of the miRNA is mostly applied via, and controlled by, different transcription factors and other regulatory mechanisms of gene expression. These complex interactions between miRNAs and other regulators of gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels integrate miRNAs into the cellular network of regulation of gene expression that defines the stem cell fate and behavior. New studies have displayed that different of these key transcription factors directly regulate miRNA expression in embryonic stem cells. Known pluripotent related markers, such as miR-302a, b, c, and d, and miR-200c. Recently, different miRNAs were proposed to associate with cardiomyocyte differentiation of stem cells. Over-expression of some miRNAs such as mi-R1-2 in mouse bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells could induce their differentiation into cardiomyocytes through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Also, the miR1 has been reported to be able to modulate cardiomyogenesis and preserve the expression of muscle genes via down regulating the Notch or STAT3 signaling pathways. Furthermore, except mir-1-2 over-expression of miR-499 in rat bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells induces them toward cardiac differentiation via the activating the wnt/b-catenin signal pathway. Conversely, microRNA-133 blocks the cardiac differentiation of mouse and human mesenchymal stem cells. By modulating miR-1 and-499 expression levels, human cardiomyocyte progenitor cells function can be altered and differentiation directed, thereby enhancing cardiomyogenic differentiation. Overexpression of miR-499a-5p increased the expression of cardiomyogenic differentiation markers in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Down regulation of miR-199b-5p induced differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells toward cardiomyocyte-like cells through the HSF1/HSP70 signaling pathway, and had no influence on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and migration. MicroRNAs affect cardiac cellular signaling and gene expression, and implicate miR-199b as a therapeutic target in heart failure. The cooperative association and reciprocal interactions between genetic and epigenetic regulatory factors and miRNAs regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells.

Introduction: Regard to enough food production in today's world, many people in the community are struggling with malnutrition and are in fact struggling with hidden hunger. The World Health Organization estimates that at least one fifth people in the world suffer from iodine, zinc, iron, folic acid, calcium and vitamin A and B deficiencies (Bouis and Saltszman, 2017). Vitamins are one of the most important micronutrients that are vital to human health and are essential for survival in the body. Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential to the metabolism of nutrients, vital to the body, and to the growth and development of health (Dennehy and Tsouronis, 2010). Adding one or more micronutrients to the staple diet is said to be one of the most effective strategies to prevent micronutrient deficiency (Jafarpour and Mazandarani, 2013). Dairy dessert is a product that contains at least 50% fresh cow's milk or reconstituted milk that is prepared with authorized additives after the heat process (Miyani et al., 2016). Dairy dessert is among the children's favorite foods with its main components being milk and milk products. Vitamins are divided into two groups of water and fat soluble. Vitamins A and D are fatsoluble vitamins that are very common (Calvo and Whiiting, 2013). Vitamins A and D3 deficiency is one the most common micronutrients deficiency in most communities. Milkbased dairy products are important carriers for enrichment of foods with fatsoluble vitamins. Vitamins A or retinol are used to improve the EYEsight of people in low light, such as at night and maintain EYE surface health, body defense and skin health. Vitamin A does not exist purely in plant sources, but in its precursors, carotene, in various forms. It is present in 4 forms of retinol, retinal and retinoic acid (Fennema, 2008). Vitamin D, called calcifrol, is one of the essential vitamins and fatsoluble vitamins that help bone growth and health by controlling calcium and phosphorus balance. It helps in bone metabolism by enhancing the absorption of phosphorus and calcium from the intestines and by reducing the excretion of the kidneys, as well as by translating the cells of the cell's nuclei into cell growth (Holick, 2006). Probiotics are living microorganisms exerting healthful effects on the host via balancing the intestinal microflora mainly marketed as probiotic dairy products. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of enrichment of probiotic dairy dessert with vitamin A and D3. Material and methods: To do so, vitamin A (2000, 4000, 6000 lu/l) and vitamin D3 (400, 500, 600 lu/l) individually and combind (4000 lu/l vitamin+500 lu/l vitamin D3) were added to the dairy dessert inoculated with Bifidobacterium bifidum (10 8 cfu/ml). Physicochemical (pH by pH meter WTW model, acidity by the method titration in the presence of phenolphthalein with with 0. 1 normal NaOH, dry matter by the method weight difference, hardness by Texture Analyzer, colorimetric (L*, a*, b*) by 14megapixel digital camera and Photoshop CS5 application, syneresis by measuring the diameter of the created aura (100 g / cm) on the filter paper, vitamin A and vitamin D3 by HPLC), microbial (probiotic bacterial count by MRSAgar medium ) and sensory (taste, and total acceptance by Hedonic 5point) properties were evaluated over 28d storage at 4° C. Data were analyzed by oneway variance Duncan test at 95% confidence level by using Minitab 16. Results and discussion: The results showed that pH, hardness, vitamin D3, vitamin A and viability reduced and acidity and syneresis increased over time. The highest viability was found for T5 (2000 lu/l vitamin A+ 10 8 cfu/ml Bifidobacterium) showing no significant difference from other treatments (p>0. 05). This may be due to the metabolic activities of Bifidobacterium bifidum by consuming nutrients such as sugars in dairy dessert and producing organic acids. The pH and acidity of dairy products is affected by the balance between the nitrogenous compounds of the products resulting from proteolytic and lactic acid reactions resulting from the fermentation activity of lactic acid bacteria. Also, with time and increased activity of probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum, acid production increased and could increase the acidity of the samples. The reason for the decrease in texture hardness during storage can be due to increased acidity and sequestration and a decrease in dry matter of the specimens during 28 days of storage. Some studies show that by decreasing the pH during storage, irregular and nonuniform protein networks are formed and lead to high hydration in the product. Investigation of dry matter changes of probiotic dairy desserts containing different concentrations of Vitamin A and D3 showed a slight decrease during dry matter storage of the samples but these changes were not statistically significant (p>0. 05). According to the results, the color of the dessert samples became brighter with increasing amount of vitamin A, and the brightness of the samples decreased with increasing amount of vitamin D3 and the color of the samples tended to darken. This was due to the clearness of vitamin A powder and darker vitamin D3 than to vitamin A and dessert samples when added to the samples. Research has shown that vitamin A loss during storage is directly affected by light and indirectly by fat content and packaging conditions. Exposure to vitamin Acontaining light at wavelengths less than 500 nm causes damage to vitamins such as A, C and riboflavin, and this is called photosynthesis. The results of sensory evaluation revealed that treatment and time had significant (p<0. 01) effect on the taste, as the amount of vitamins A and D3 increased, taste score decreased slightly. Conclusion: Given the results of sensory and viability evaluation, treatment containing 500 lu/l vitamin D3+ 4000 lu/l vitamin A+10 8 cfu/ml Bifidobacterium bifidum was selected as the superior treatment due to the highest bacterial viability and total acceptance and the presence of both vitamins A and D3 exerting healthful effects. Suggest to investigate the circumstances and the type of packaging to preserve vitamins A and D3 during storage, the relationship between oxidation and reducing the amount of vitamins A and D3 in dairy desserts and the role of vitamin A or D3 volatile and nonvolatile flavor compounds in effect on dessert dairy.

A critical EYE on the destructive impact of air pollution in Tehran is needed as the basis for urban planning, protection policy and management. This paper is focused on modeling in the GIS (Geospatial Information System) to estimate the concentration of particulate matter (PM) in any point of a typical part of Tehran which extends over 18.2 km2 and includes the so-called “Traffic Zone”. Many important general hospitals are located in this region, some of which are within the zone. The model is built on the data obtained in 42 stations located within the region. The results strongly indicate that the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 of any points inside the region, including the traffic zone, do not meet the required international standard values. The extracted estimate values for the 22 hospitals reveal that the concentration of PM10 for “Azadi Psychic”, “Children” and “Mustafa Khomeini” hospitals are the worst, estimating from the model to be 119.42 mg/m3, 107.09 mg/m3 and 101.14 mg/m3 respectively. The percent ratio of the mean concentrations of PM10 /PM2.5 / PM1.0 in this region is found to be approximately 7: 2: 1.

Purpose: To report the outcomes of surgical and non-surgical treatment for sixth nerve palsy and paresis in our center.Methods: Hospital records of 33 patients (35 EYEs) with sixth nerve dysfunction who were referred to Labbafinejad Medical Center from September 1996 to September 2006 and underwent surgical procedures or botulinum toxin injection were reviewed.Results: Patients were divided into three groups: Group A had muscle surgery without transposition; group B had transposition procedures and group C had botulinum toxin injection. The deviation improved from 50.3±16.8 to 6±9.8 prism diopter (PD) after the first operation and to 2.5±5 PD after the second operation in group A; from 56.9±24.3 to 5.5±16 PD after the first operation and to almost zero following the second operation in group B; and from 44.3±10.5 to 15±20 PD 6 months following botulinum toxin injection. Head posture and limitations of motility also improved significantly in all three groups. The overall reoperation rate was 18.2%.Conclusion: Various procedures are effective for sixth nerve dysfunction; all improve ocular deviation, head turn and abductive capacity of the EYE. The rate of reoperation is not high if treatment is selected appropriately according to the patient's condition.

Background and aims: Road traffic noise is one of the most common sources of environmental noise which has various effects on mental and physical health, impaired daily life function and cognitive performance. Vibration is another achievement of industrial development that is accompanied by noise in most work environments. Vibration transmitted from road surface to vehicles and drivers may interfere with activities, affect their comfort level and reduce attention. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of independent and simultaneous exposure to traffic noise and whole body vibration on visual and auditory attention and control response of males using Integrated Visual Auditory Performance Test (IVA + PLUS). Methods: The study population included 24 male students aged 18 to 30 years old in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences who had inclusion criteria for the study. The experiments were performed in 4 steps randomly in one day for each person in the acoustic room and in total, 96 experimental runs (24 runs per step) were performed. Inclusion criteria included: Students in the age group of 18-30 years, no history of underlying diseases including respiratory problems, skin disorders, sleep and cardiovascular disorders and other health problems affecting one's muscular and brain health, no short term illnesses during the trial (colds, diarrhea and vomiting), no history of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders, hearing loss less than dBA27, visual acuity above (7/10), no smoking addiction and drugs and alcohol, no use of hypnotic drugs and CNS attenuating drugs during the test period, not being over sensitive to sound according to Weinstein noise sensitivity questionnaire and getting a score of 22 or below in General Health Questionnaire, which reflects the health of the individuals. Exclusion criteria also included: a person's unwillingness to continue participating because of the long study's time and people who did not meet the above criteria. Subjects did the IVA test (data recorded including scores of total attention and response control scores) in background conditions (sound level dBA 27 and vibration acceleration zero), then they were exposed to individual and combined noise level of 55 dBA (as the permissible sound pressure level at outdoors) and the vibration acceleration of 0. 65 m/s2 (as the average acceleration vibration in the Iranian vehicles). In this study, a vibration simulator was used to generate a vibration in the x, y, and z axes at different frequencies and intensities, either sinusoidal or randomly using a vibrating engine. The Italian OLI VIBRATOR MVE. 440 / 2M vibrating engine was attached to the seat using a metal stand. The Ic5 inverter was used to adjust the vibration frequency and acceleration and the whole body vibration meter according to ISO 2631 was used to ensure the calibration of the vibration produced by the vibration simulator. The noise used in this study was generated by the signal software with combining the desired frequency and these computer-generated audio files were performed in the Cool edit tool software during the test. One of the features of this software is the ability to edit the sound in intensity at different frequencies, and by continuously monitoring noise in the acoustic room, the volume of the noise can be controlled at the desired frequencies. During the exposure, the intensity of noise within the individual's hearing range, inside the acoustic room was controlled by a calibrated B&K 2238 Sound Level Meter. The IVA is an 8-minute visual and auditory continuous performance test that assesses total attention and response control scores. The task of the participant is to react when the number 1 is seen or heard and to click on the mouse once, and don’ t react when the number 2 is seen or heard. The task type assigned to the participants was "simple", its physical workload was "light". Participants signed written consent form and filled demographic information form, general health questionnaire (GHQ-28), and Weinstein noise sensitivity scale. Audiometric and the E EYE chart tests were done for hearing and visual acuity testing. To determine the individual and combined effect of noise and whole body vibration on attention and response control, regression analysis of repeated measures using generalized estimating equations with first order autoregressive process was used. Results: The mean (± SD) age of the participants were 23. 41 ± 2. 99 years. In the visual test and in the background vibration acceleration, the mean scores of attention has been increased with increasing traffic noise from 27 to 55 dBA and the response control score has been decreased (P = 0. 79 and P = 0. 1, respectively). At the background noise level, mean scores of attention and response control have been increased with increasing vibration acceleration from zero to 0. 65 m/s2 (P = 0. 49 and P = 0. 59, respectively), ). In combined exposure condition with noise level 55 dBA and vibration acceleration of 0. 65 m/s2, the mean score of attention decreased compared to background ones (P= 0. 95), and the response control score increased compared to background ones (P= 0. 72). In the auditory test and in the background vibration acceleration, the mean scores of attention and response control have been increased by increasing the traffic noise from 27 to 55 dBA (P = 0. 02 and P = 0. 13, respectively), At the background noise level, mean scores of attention were significantly reduced by increasing the vibration acceleration from zero to 0. 65 m/s2 (P =0. 01). Mean scores of response control has been increased with increasing vibrational acceleration from zero to 0. 65 m/s2 (P=0. 74). In combined exposure condition, the mean scores of attention were significantly lower than background ones (P =0. 01), and the response control score has been increased compared to the background ones (P= 0. 09). Conclusion: Similar results were found regarding the combined effect of noise level 55 dBA and vibration acceleration of 0. 65 m/s2 on the total level of attention and response control in visual and auditory tests. So that the simultaneous increase in noise level and vibration acceleration relative to the background condition leaded to decrease in the total score of attention in both visual and auditory dimensions. However, in the mentioned conditions, the response control score has been increased in both visual and auditory tests. It seems that the score of response control, which in some way expresses the ability to sustain attention and the reaction speed during the test, has been increased as a result of noise motivation theory and the positive short-term effects of vibration acceleration. In general, whole body vibration in low to moderate acceleration level and low level of noise may improve cognitive performance in a short time, however, definitive conclusions are subject to doing the systematic and comprehensive studies.

Introduction: Ferdowsi Shahnameh has a simple and comprehensive language and today many Iranians understand many parts of it without referring to the dictionaries and descriptions of Shahnameh, but in order to understand parts of this book correctly in detail, one should be more careful not be deceived by contemporary Persian syntactic structures; because in addition to being more than a thousand years have passed of Shahnameh’ s age, this text is rooted in texts of several thousand years, and to properly understand parts of it, in addition to Shahnameh itself, one must use the texts of its contemporaries or ancient texts. Otherwise, while reading parts of Shahnameh, we may inadvertently fall into the trap of syntactic structures of the contemporary Persian language and report Shahnameh based on these structures. This method will lead to misinterpretations of this text and will lead to incorrect and misleading analyzes, interpretations and conclusions. In this article, we try to show one of the examples of imposing the syntactic constructions of contemporary Persian language in Shahnameh reports in the Introduction: of Shahnameh and in connection with the phrase "garat zin bad ayad gonah e man ast" and then the correct meaning of this phrase which according to the linguistic features of Shahnameh are also provable. Methodology, Review of Literature and Goal: Description of each text with the help of the same text and paying attention to the syntactic structures of the Persian language in the period in which the work was created, are important way of recognizing ancient texts and ignoring it can lead us astray from the text; because the mind, subconsciously, goes to familiar syntactic structures. Therefore, in order to describe the ancient texts, one must first consider the ancient syntactic structures and with the help of them, he can get the meaning of the text. In this article, we have also tried to find one of the slippery in the description of ancient texts in the same way and talk about the phrase " garat zin bad ayad gonah e man ast ". Previously, the commentators of Shahnameh have paid less attention to this shutter, but Kazem Bargnisi has addressed this hemistich in his description and has given it a meaning that is not compatible with ancient syntactic structures. In his description, Mehri Behfar has given the same incorrect meaning along with another meaning, whose second meaning is close to our proposed meaning. Our aim in this article is to examine this half-hemistich in detail, to criticize the incorrect meaning and to obtain the correct meaning with the help of the linguistic, syntactic and morphological features of Shahnameh. Discussion: Ferdowsi, in the preface of Shahnameh, after praising the Prophet (PBUH) and Imam Ali (AS), following the wise man, he considers the world as a wavy sea on which about seventy ships are sailing. Among these ships, there is an ornamented ship in which the Prophet and Imam Ali are there. Ferdowsi says that if you look at another house (the world of the hereafter), take on the same ship and: " garat zin bad ayad gonah e man ast č onin ast o in din o rah e man ast” In the past, they have mostly been silent about this verse, which indicates the clarity of the meaning of the phrase in question. Of course, two commentators have paid attention to this verse. Kazem Bergnisi has described this verse as follows: "This is what I said, and this is my religion and my way of life (and I will not go back from it). " Mehri Behfar has also given two meanings for this hemistich, one of which is the meaning of writing and the second meaning of which is as follows: "If you took this path and suffered a loss, the responsibility is on me; "[In any case] this is my religion. " Now we have to see what is the exact meaning of this semi-hemistich that is compatible with the components of the syllable and the morphological-syntactic system of the Persian language in the Ferdowsi period. In the aforementioned semi-hemistich, first, these two stylistic points must be considered in Ferdowsi's language: 1. The adjective "bad" may have been used instead of the infinitive "worse"; 2. The verb "Amadan" may have been used to mean "to arrive" and "to receive. " If it is considered that exactly in this stanza, the adjective has been used instead of the infinitive and the verb “ Amadan” has been used in our intended meaning. Therefore, the correct meaning of this hemistich should be as follows: If [from] this [issue]; that is, entering my religion and taking on the ship in which Muhammad (pbuh) and Ali (pbuh) are] is a sin for you (blame me). In other words, here, Ferdowsi assures his audience that in order to escape the wavy sea and fear drowning, one must embark on a ship that is as beautiful as a rooster's EYE, and that ship is the same as Muhammad (PBUH) and Ali. (AS) they are in it. In the end, he assures the audience that if you feel bad about this issue, blame me. Conclusion: Shahnameh is an ancient text that should be read and explained in its historical context; otherwise, contemporary linguistic styles make our understanding of this book difficult and misleading. One of the sentences of Shahnameh that has been less noticed by the commentators of this book before and some of them have explained it based on the syntactic structures of contemporary Persian language, is the phrase "garat zin bad ayad gonah e man ast" in the preface of Shahnameh. This sentence had previously been interpreted in the light of the syntactic structures of the contemporary Persian language: If you hate this, it is my fault. However, "hating something" means "disliking something" is a new syntactic style in Persian and was not used in Ferdowsi's time. Accordingly, in this article, by examining this scene in detail and relying on the linguistic features of Shahnameh and considering the repetition of the first part in another part of Shahnameh, we first criticized the meaning that has been given to it before, and finally gave its definite and correct meaning as follows: If something bad happens to you from this [issue], it is my fault.

Background & Aims: Autism spectrum disorder is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder whose clinical manifestations include impaired social communication, behaviors, interests, and limited and repetitive activities. Poor EYE communication, lack of emotion or social interaction, impaired use of non-verbal behaviors, and lack of age-appropriate communication are the main manifestations of this disorder. This disorder is one of the main causes of disability in children under 5 years old. The exact cause of this disorder has not yet been determined, and it can often be diagnosed by comparing autistic children's speech and performance with those of their peers. In comparison to parents of typically functioning children or parents of children with other developmental disabilities (i. e. Down’ s syndrome or cerebral palsy), parents or caregivers of children with an autism spectrum disorder experience more parenting stress which makes its management imperative. Parenting stress in this group of women results in depression, anxiety, divorce, reduced family cohesion and physical health, more incidence of behavioral problems in the children, and problems related to parenting. Thus, it is imperative to identify effective methods that target improvement in caregivers' mental health. The problems that mothers face in raising their children from an early age put a lot of pressure on parenting skills, and if the parents' understanding of the demands of their role is greater than the resources and methods available for coping with them, so that they will be unable to restore balance in the usual ways, it will lead to stress in parents. In the case of parents of children with autism, maternal stress is reported more than the paternal stress, and more than mothers of children with other developmental disorders and mothers of normal children. Therefore, given that the caregivers of (75%) of children with autism are their mothers, it is not unbelievable that mothers of this group of children struggle with a lot of stress. Mothers of children with autism are their primary caregivers, leading to depression, anxiety, quitting job, and suicide. Thus, effective interventions to improve the mental health of caregivers of children with autism seem necessary and the need to improve their mental health is felt. However, the results of studies that have been done so far indicate that this emotional revelation intervention through writing has been inconsistent or even ineffective on the mental health of mothers of children with autism. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of written emotional disclosure in parenting stress of mothers with autistic children. Material & Methods: In this study, conducted in 2019, a quasi-experimental design including pre-test, post-test, and control group was used. First, a sample size of 70 mothers with autistic children were selected and tested from the autistic schools in Tehran. In pre-test, the Parenting Stress Index-short form (PSI-SF) was administered individually to experimental group (n = 35) and control group (n=35). Then, written emotional disclosure, at least 15 minutes, twice a week over an 8-week period was conducted in experimental group whereas the control group received no intervention. Three mothers in the experimental group withdrew from the study due to personal reasons. Therefore, the study continued with 67 mothers. After the intervention, the parenting stress was measured again in both groups. In the intervention group, the mothers first wrote about their deepest feelings and negative experiences of caring for an autistic child. Topics for mothers to write about included their feelings when they found out their children were diagnosed with autism; writing down the most difficult situations they had experienced in communicating with their autistic children; the most important issues that had made them upset in their daily lives about their children; and what do they do when their children do not cooperate with them? Ethical considerations of the research, including informed consent to participate in the research and obtaining consent from the participants, observing the principle of confidentiality and avoiding bias in announcing the results of the study, have been observed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test and paired t-test) in SPSS 16. Results: The results of independent t-test showed that there was no statistically significant difference between parenting stress of mothers (P = 0. 881) and its subscales (P <0. 05) before the intervention, but after the intervention this difference was significant (P <0. 001), so that in the experimental group, the scores of parenting distress were significantly lower than the control group but the scores of parenting stress of mothers and other subscales were significantly higher. The results of paired t-test showed that parenting stress of mothers and its subscales in the control group were not significantly different before the treatment and after the treatment (P <0. 05), but the scores of parenting distress after the intervention decreased significantly in the experimental group and parenting stress scores and its other subscales increased significantly (P <0. 001). The results of independent t-test showed that the reduction of parenting stress scores of mothers and its subscales was less in the intervention group than the control group (P <0. 001). In addition, the independent and paired t-test analysis showed that written emotional disclosure was effective in reducing parenting distress sub-scale in experimental group (29. 06 + 6. 01) (p< 0/001). Also٫ the intervention could not improve the scores of parenting stress among experimental group (128. 78 + 12. 29) (p< 0. 001). Conclusion: Written emotional disclosure, as a useful therapeutic intervention could be effective in improving parenting distress sub-scale٫ but ineffective in improving parenting stress. The findings of this study could also reinforce the hypothesis that expressing positive emotions about chronic stress may lead to more adaptive functions. This study suffers from some limitations. It was conducted on limited number of mothers with autism children, the same gender, and therefore, its generalizability is reduced. The results of this study show that the intervention of written emotional disclosure has been effective in increasing parenting stress of mothers with autistic children. Therefore, it is recommended to perform this method under the supervision of a consultant to control its negative effects. It is also suggested that future research, in addition to examining the variables affecting the effectiveness of this intervention, standardize the intervention pattern in writing positive, negative, and neutral emotions and use more follow-up sessions to enable more comparison.

Background: Complete regional anesthesia of larynx accompanied by sedation is used for microlaryngeal procedures performed in the vicinity of airway system. In this study we have compared the sedative effects of two combinations of sedative drugs during microlaryngoscopic surgery.Methods: 40 patients who were candidates for microlaryngoscopic surgeries were selected for this study. All patients were in ASA class I-II. At first Laryngeal anesthesia was given by using Lidocaine as superior Laryngeal block and scattering lidocaine as spray on the tongue and pharynx. Intratracheal block was done for all patients. All 40 patients received 0.5 mg/kg of propofol intravenously as bolus, followed by 50 mg/kg/min as an IV infusion. Patients were then randomly divided into two groups. Group I received 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam intravenously and group II received fentanyl 2 µg/kg intravenously. Blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation of arterial blood was checked in all patients after induction of sedation, one minute after initiating Laryngoscopy and one minute after relieving the Laryngoscope stimulation. Time of complete awareness and recovery and also side effects, such as shivering, nausea and vomiting were evaluated.Results: Induction using Fentanyl and propofol was accompanied by a greater degree of bradycardia as compared to the midazolam group, (p<0.02). In addition, decrease in the level of oxygen saturation during laryngoscopy was more marked in the fentanyl group (P<0.05). During the entire procedure, blood pressure showed fluctuation in both groups but reverted to normal faster after eliminating the stimulation in the midazolam group. (P<0.01) EYE opening and complete awareness were faster in the midazolam group. (P<0.01) Nausea occurred in 2 patients of fentanyl group. Recall about the procedure was present in 50% of fentanyl group and 10% of midazolam group (P<0.01).Conclusion: Sedating patients by midazolam accompanied by Laryngeal block has faster recovery and less recall and also fewer episodes of arterial oxygen desaturation during micro-laryngoscopic surgical procedures.