Nowadays, Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (such as Sildenafil, Tadalafil, Vardenafil, and Avanafil) are used to treat erectile dysfunction in men and pulmonary arterial hypertension. There have been numerous reported ocular side effects of these drugs including anterior ischemic neuropathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, retinal hemorrhage, retinal vein occlusion, and retinal artery occlusion. Also, after taking phosphodiesterase inhibitors, various subjective vision complaints, such as Cyanopsia, blurred vision, diplopia, and photopsia are expressed by patients. We extensively searched phosphodiesterase inhibitors ocular side effects in the literature, using PubMed and Medline. In this review article, we classified the ocular side effects of these drugs and the controversies in the reports, the mechanism of action, paraclinical findings, as well as animal studies in this field.

Our understanding of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), also known as dry EYE syndrome, has been changed over recent years. Until lately, the condition was thought to be merely due to aqueous tear insufficiency. Today, it is understood that KCS is a multifactorial disorder due to inflammation of the ocular surface and lacrimal gland, neurotrophic deficiency and meibomian gland dysfunction. This change in paradigm has led to the development of new and more effective medications.

Background: Alopecia areata is a patchy hair loss that may occur in any hair bearing area on the body. There are many reports of ocular abnormalities such as lens and retinal changes in alopecia areata. Objective: To evaluate ocular alterations in alopecia areata with regard to the lens and retina. Patients & Methods: Seventy three patients with alopecia areata including 34 males and 39 females, 69.6% partialis, 11% totalis and 19.2% universalis, were examined with slit lamp, fundoscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy after full dilatation of pupils. Results: There was not any changes in patients' lens and retina in this study. Conclusion: This study showed that lens and retinal changes are uncommon in alopecia areata.      

1- Infectious: toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, TB, syphilis, leprosy, HIV, CMV.2- Non infectous: endocrine, diabetes, thyroid, connective tissue disease ''RA, SLE, wegeners, PAN, systemic sclerosis'', vasculitides, GCA'', sarcoidosis, behcet's disease, vogt koyangi harada syndrome, phakomatoses.All diseases should be demonstrated by clinical images and imaging slides.-imaging X-RAY, high frequency US and color doppler, 2D and 3D X-RAY CT, MRI:1- X-RAY: in fractures, foreign bodies, skull combined anomalies and few other cases.2-High-frequency ultrasound for posterior chamber and ciliary body micro-anatomic changes ''tumors granulations''.Color Doppler study for vascular lesions, central retin artery, tumors in the globe and retrobulbar region.3- X-RAY CT for tumors, 2D and 3D for fractures, 3D for bone anatomy, foreign body '' modality of choice is 2directional 2D CT scan '', sino-nasal diseases, CT-angiography or phlebography in large vessel evaluation, DSA for small vessel anatomy.4- MRI for tumors and infection also granulation process.MRI and MRV in large vessel anatomy, functional-MRI for the visual pathway, tractography.Conclusion:Modality of choice:1- CT for foreign bodies '' MRI is contra-indicated in the first step specially in metallic fragments ''. CT for micro-calcification '' retinoblastoma '',CT for fractures.2- MRI for tumors, biometry, soft tissue disease and functional imaging.3- DSA for vascular disease of the EYE.4- U.S for biometery, posterior Chamber, iris and ciliary body lesions.5- Fluorescein angiography for the retina.

Rooster's EYE has been used a lot in Shahnameh and other contexts. Poets and authors, following their ancestors, have talked about it as a symbol of beautification, purity, and redness; however rooster's EYE doesn't have any of these features, nor are these features important enough to be noticed by poets. Researchers have mentioned some opinions to match these features with rooster's EYE, and paying attention to the importance of rooster in ancient Iran. They believe the idea of rooster's EYE comes from that culture. They often match it with its Arabic equivalent Ayn-al-dic, and even its Greek equivalent Adonis. Going through the texts shows something that has not so far been noticed. In this article, offering some evidence, we have tried to show the concepts of rooster's EYE as pheasant's EYE. Pheasant has been used in texts as rooster and moor rooster. It has beautiful EYEs and beautification, purity, and redness are confirmed to pheasant's EYE.