Meningioma is the second most common brain tumor. The extent of peritumoral brain edema (PTBE) is one of the important prognostic factors in patients with meningioma. A 55-year-old female patient suffering from a progressive severe headache and mild left hemiparesis was referred to the Department of Neurosurgery, Rasool Akram Hospital (Tehran, Iran). The preoperative imaging revealed a 2×2 cm solid extra-axial mass with bright enhancement at the outer third of the right sphenoid wing. In addition, there was a disproportionately EXTENSIVE peritumoral brain edema in the right cerebral hemisphere that even involved the right internal capsule. The patient was operated through the right pterional approach and the mass was totally resected. Twenty-one days after surgery, the brain CT scan surprisingly showed only mild frontal edema and the patient was asymptomatic 1 year after the surgical treatment. According to the literature, the size and extension of the PTBE are correlated with the prognosis of meningioma. A larger edema is associated with a larger tumor, higher grade, and a more invasive meningioma with a higher recurrence rate. Our patient had a very large hemispheric PTBE which was disproportionate to the small size of the meningioma and the tumor had not directly invaded the adjacent brain tissue. We believe that the visible compression of the tumor on major veins of the Sylvian fissure was the reason for the PTBE in our patient. The presence of a large PTBE concomitant with a meningioma does not necessarily indicate a poor prognosis. Hence, we recommend a preoperative venogram to be performed in such patients.

The scientific nature of literature as the intuitive embodiment and reflection of the human psyche has not been thoroughly investigated so far. Literary theorists have often studied it from aesthetic Point of view or moral aspects. They have reduced its value to physical joys at times. However, there is a close relationship between instinctive workings of human feeling and thought and the world which is established through literary imagination. The rhetoric of literary works expressed through symbol, metaphor, anecdote, fallacy, and tale are all different forms of knowledge and thought in literature. The present study is an attempt to examine the views of the well-known literary theorists of the world and to identify the scientific and thought-provoking components and features of literature.

A 20 years old pregnant woman several times had coliky abdominal pain and vomiting since seventh month of pregnancy.At term the patient developed acute abdominal pain and bloody vomiting abrutpely. 24 hours later she deliveried dead fetus while abdominal pain continued. At laparatomy she had primary EXTENSIVE volvulus of small bowel with gangrene. Small bowel resection and anastomosis was carried out, now patient is well.  

This study was conducted to investigate the scenario of buffalo production and reproduction under different farming systems at Subarno Char, in the coastal area of Bangladesh. A total of 14 farms were randomly selected and studied for various traits live weight (LW); daily milk yield (DMY); lactation length (LL); lactation production (LP); calving interval (CI); gestation length (GL); post partum heat period (PPH); age at first calving (AFC) and service per conception (SPC) of buffaloes through pre designed questionnAIRe, direct observation and available records. The LW (372.31±14.64 kg) and DMY (1.99±0.16 liter/day/cow) were found to be highest under semi-intensive bathan farming systems than other systems, however, the LL (275.25±2.857 days) and LP (628.80±34.49 liter) were found higher under EXTENSIVE bathan farming system irrespective of breeds. On the other hand, LW (390.54±14.06 kg), DMY (2.82±0.13 liter/day/cow), LL (284.96±3.31 days) and LP (899.75±52.83 liter) were higher in River type buffaloes than other types. The GL (305.37±0.72 days), CI (640.34±51.31 days), AFC (54.72±1.57 months) and SPC (1.62±0.21) were found lowest under semi-intensive bathan farming system, but PPHP (134.04±5.30 days) was found lowest under the EXTENSIVE bathan farming system. The GL (301.74±0.63 days), PPHP (123.21±7.50 days), AFC (47.00±1.35 months) and SPC (1.40±0.16) were found lowest in River type buffaloes, but CI (660.31±43.82) was lowest in crossbred buffalo cows. The birth weight was highest (28.28±0.48 kg) under semi-intensive bathan farming system. Productive and reproductive performances of buffaloes under the study area found were moderate. The profitability of buffalo rearing under EXTENSIVE farming system was higher than other. The findings of this study may assist farmers and policy makers in making decisions for future buffalo farming and undertaking the genetic improvement program to increase the milk production in Bangladesh.

The electrochemical exfoliation of graphite is a method to obtain graphene. Despite the important role of electrical power in this process, it hasn’ t been investigated EXTENSIVEly. In this research, the effect of electrical power in an EXTENSIVE range on the amount of exfoliated graphene and oxygen functional groups was studied. Transmission electron microscopy, weighing, UV-vis spectroscopy and electrical conductivity were used for characterization of the products. According to the results, by decreasing the power, the amount of exfoliated graphene and its functional groups increased.

Background: Persistent AIR leaks occur after Spontaneous pneumothorax both primary and secondary, and after lungs trauma and lung surgeries are sever problems encountered chest surgeons with. Persistent AIR leak causes longer patients hospitalization. Materials and Methods: We used autologous blood pleurodesis in patients with persistent AIR leak for 30patients with more than 8 days AIR leaks, during a three years period 1377-1380 (1999-2002). Results: The patients had 19 years up to 70 years old. Eight patients had thoracotomy and lobectomy and/or segmentectomies 6 with primary pneumothorax, 10 with secondary pneumothorax, and four with penetrated or blunt thoracic traumas. Blood was obtained from femoral or brachial veins and 70-150 mls. Injected in chest tubes. Chest bottle was first lied 80cm higher than body levels. After 24 hours repositioned in normal levels, and patients were supervised. Via chest tube we injected blood 70-100ml.for young patients, and 100-150 ml for older patients into intra pleural space. There were no clamped chest tubes. There were no pain, respiratory distress, fever, or cough in pleurodesized patients. The only patients complaint was local pain in femoral vein or brachial vein because blood sampling and blood obtaining, although there was no local visible complication as hematoma or bleeding. After 48 hours in 24 patients AIR leak ceased. In six patients because persistent AIR leak autologous blood pleurodesis repeated, two patients after 48hours AIR leak ceased, remaining four patients underwent for thoracotomies. success rate was 86.6%.Conclusion: According above success rate we suggest autologous blood pleurodesis in patients with persistent AIR leak is a reliable, effective, and no complicated procedure for persistent AIR leaks.

Tehran is the capital city of Iran and its inhabitants are suffering from AIR pollution. Green roofs can be one of the choices to deal with this problem. In this paper, ability of green roofs in absorbing four AIR pollutants (PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO2) in Tehran was valuated. First, the potential of 1 m2 of a hypothetical green roof in Tehran in absorbing PM10 and SO2 during 1 year was estimated using a dry deposition model. Absorbing potential of green roof for NO2 and CO2 was taken from other studies. Next, the reduction of each AIR pollutant was valuated using replacement cost method. Then, results were generalized to the total roof areas of the residential buildings in Tehran for the green roofs life span. Estimations showed that value of green roofs covering an area of 94, 093, 625 m2 in reducing PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO2 during 50 years in Tehran will be 506, 361, 775 $.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) used to be - and in many countries, still is - the most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis. Since the introduction of an effective vaccine against this virus, many countries have implemented neonatal HBV vaccination in their general health programs. We are beginning to observe the effects of this vaccination in most parts of the world, including Iran, where the prevalence of HBV infection is slowly declining. On the other hand, there is no effective vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV). The lack of an effective vaccine and increase in intravenous drug abuse, has led to a gradual increase in HCV infection in recent years.