To moderate global warming, conventional fossil fuels are depleted. As the population increased with the rising standard of living and industrial growth, the global environment is affected and cause the greenhouse gases occurrence, which are frequently increased by unlimited use of fossil fuels. The generation of electric power loads increases the power demand on the basics of modern power technology development. Several benefits can be attained by installing the distribution generation with the quality and reliability of power delivered. However, the global energy problem can be resolved by renewable energy sources as an alternative energy generation. Technological developments in the last decade have increased the use of renewable energy sources. In worldwide, several renewable energy sources are used to attain their own power demand. The photovoltaic (PV) generation is the essential renewable energy source to serve the increasing electrical loads. The fastest-growing PV system has the naturally available energy sources of robust evolution with elegant benefits. The foremost objective of this paper is to examine the performance of the PV system with various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms. The solar irradiance and temperature make it complex to track the MPPT of PV systems. This review is about various MPPT algorithms like online, offline, and hybrid methods. The selected algorithms from each discussion are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment to match their performance in footings of the dynamic response and efficiency of the PV system under the variations of solar irradiance and temperature. An explanation and discussion of the PV system are achieved with the study of different types of MPPT algorithms of PV systems.

Case Description-Umbilical hernia is occasionally seen with different levels of complexity in animals This emergency condition requires quick diagnosis and is corrected with various surgical approaches. The aim of this paper is to report the surgical correction of an eviscerated umbilical hernia with EXTENSIVE adhesion in a bovine calf. Twenty days old indigenous male bovine calf was presented for surgical treatment of an umbilical hernia with EXTENSIVE adhesion and evisceration. Clinical Findings-Physical examination through palpation revealed evisceration of umbilical content with EXTENSIVE adhesion. Treatment and Outcome-The surgical procedure was carried out aseptically following standard procedure. The bovine calf recovered without any complication two weeks after surgery. Clinical Relevance-It can be concluded that surgical management along with administration of antibiotic, antihistaminic and anti-inflammatory drugs are effective for successful management of eviscerated umbilical hernia with EXTENSIVE adhesion in the bovine calf.

Purpose: At the present time, more than 80% of the first and second deliveries are made using episiotomy, while researchers attribute many side-effects to this method. On the other hand, there are controversies over the advantages of this method, specially it's most important advantage in the prevention of severe genital tract trauma. This research was carried out to compare the frequency of the incidence of genital tract trauma between two groups undergoing episiotomy, namely routine and selective episiotomy groups.Materials and Methods: This research was carried out using the clinical trial method on 730 patients having their deliveries at Imam-Khomeni and Fatema-Zahra (AS) Hospitals of Sari.Individual cases were divided randomly in two groups of routine and selective episiotomy. All the deliveries were carried out by the obstertrics and gynechology residents. Then, a questionnAIRe designed to collect the patients information was filled for every patient by a midwife who didn't know which group the patient was belonged to. Then, the two groups were compared with regards to the frequency of genital tract trauma. Results: Results showed a 71.1% and 84.5% frequency of episiotomy in the selective and routine groups respectively. Statistical tests showed no significant difference between the frequency of genital tract trauma in the selective and routine groups.Comparison of the cases having episiotomy indicated that all the EXTENSIVE genital tract trauma (grade 3 and 4) were in the routine group.Conclusion: The hypothesis of this research stating that: "The performance of episiotomy plays a role in the severe genital tract trauma" was proved. Hence, it is proposed that the authorities pay more attention to the performance of episiotomy being solely based on the indications followed by the proper control of perineum to reduce the frequency of episiotomy.

Background: Localized and EXTENSIVE clinical subtypes of alopecia areata (AA) including alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis differ in genetic and immunologic aspects. Objective: Comparison of epidemiologic aspects of localized and EXTENSIVE subtypes of AA. Patients & Methods: In a prospective descriptive study, 180 patients suffering from AA attending the skin clinics of Razi Hospital in Tehran in 6-month period were studied. The epidemiological aspects of the disease including age at onset, duration, family history, and mental stress were compared in the localized and EXTENSIVE subtypes of AA. Results: The age at onset was 13/2 years in localized and 19/3 years in EXTENSIVE AA (P<0.05). The duration of disease was remarkably longer in the EXTENSIVE form (42.5 months vs. 17.5 months in localized AA). The role of mental stress was mentioned in 55.6% of cases with EXTENSIVE form and 27.8% of cases with localized AA (P<0.05).There was no relation between family history of AA and the clinical subtype of disease. Conclusion: EXTENSIVE AA begins at a younger age, has longer course, and stronger relation with stress.

Background and Aim: Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of the prostate is an uncommon adult prostate tumor that represents less than 0.1 % of prostate malignancies. A highly aggressive clinical course and poor outcome are characteristics of this tumor. Diagnosis at early stage and radical surgery may be curative.Case report: A 60-year-old man referred with history of obstructive urinary symptoms refractory to medical therapy. The patient underwent simple open transvesical prostatectomy. Pathologic examination revealed primary LMS of prostate. Complementary studies including CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, as well as a whole-body bone scan were negative for metastasis. Radical prostatectomy and EXTENSIVE pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed. All tumor margins and lymph nodes were free from tumor and there was no evidence of residual tumor. No evidence of disease recurrence was observed in a follow up period of 3 years.Conclusion: Acceptable oncological and functional outcomes can be achieved in the management of low grade LMS, by less EXTENSIVE radical surgery including radical prostatectomy without removal of intra pelvic organs. However, the main recommendation is multimodal therapy including surgery and chemo-radiation therapy.

Background: Highly variable results of topical immunotherapy with diphencyprone (DPC) in the treatment of alopecia areata have been reported so far. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of DPC in the treatment of severe and chronic alopecia areata. Patients and Methods: Twenty-eight patients (16 female and 12 male, 10-35 years old, mean age 25 years) with chronic and/or EXTENSIVE alopecia areata were enrolled in an open-label clinical trial. After sensitization with 2% DPC, progressively higher concentrations beginning at 0.001% were applied weekly for 6 months to one side of the scalp. The maximum concentration of DPC was 2%. Results: Twenty-seven of 28 patients completed therapy. The overall response rate was 81.5% (22 cases). Complete response (90% -100% terminal hAIR re-growth) was obtained in 22.2% (6 cases) and partial response (10%-90% terminal hAIR re-growth) in 59.3% (16 cases) , and 18.5% (5 cases) showed no regrowth. In all patients an eczematous reaction consisting of erythema, itching, and scaling at the site of application was observed. Other observed side effects included occipital lymphadenopathy in 40.7% (11 cases), severe eczema /blister formation in 40.7% (11 cases) , hyperpigmentation in 18.5% (5 cases). Notably, partial recurrence was observed in 66.7% (18 cases) of these patients after 6 to 12 months of follow up. Conclusion: Topical DPC treatment for alopecia areata is an effective therapy with a relatively high relapse rate.