Introduction: Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction is a common clinical entity but its treatment is still challenging to Otorhinolaryngologists. This study is done to know the effectiveness of transnasal endoscopic balloon dilatation of eustachian tube for treatment of chronic eustachian tube dysfunction. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective observational study conducted between May 2018 to June 2019 at IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Twenty one patients were identified with diagnosis of ET dysfunction and assigned to this study. The transnasal endoscopic procedure was done to dilate the cartilaginous part of the eustachian tube with a balloon catheter. Preoperative computed tomography was done in all cases. All patients were post-operatively assessed in 1st, 2nd and 8th weeks after the procedure. Result: Balloon dilatation of the eustachian tube was easily performed in all cases of this study. No abnormality including carotid canal was seen before this procedure. All except 2 cases revealed significant improvement in the ET functions. There was no damage to any vital structures like internal carotid artery in this study. Conclusion: The majority of the patients participated in this study showed positive outcome after balloon dilation of eustachian tube. It is a feasible and safe procedure for dilating the eustachian tube. This treatment is a very promising and requires more research on this aspect.

Background: Globally, 1. 5 to 3 million people are exposed to snakebites each year. More than 100, 000 of these cases, primarily in the tropics, result in death. This study includes an analysis of a university hospital’, s three-year EXPERIENCES of distal extremity snakebites. Methods: This study includes 68 patients presented at the Emergency Department (ED) of Gaziantep University Hospital with snakebites on distal extremities (hands, fi, ngers, and feet) between 01/03/2014 and 01/03/2017. Results: A total of 68 patients had wet snakebites on their distal extremities. Forty-seven patients (69%) were male, 21 (30. 9%) were female, and the mean age was 43. 03 ,18. 13 years. Snakebites most commonly occurred in September (26. 5%, n = 18). Twenty-fi, ve (36. 76%) patients had systemic symptoms (grades 2, 3, and 4). Also, 98. 5% (n = 67) of patients received only antivenom therapy. Compartment syndrome was observed in one patient (1. 5%), and this patient was treated with antivenom therapy and plasmapheresis. The most common local fi, nding was pain (88. 2%, n = 60). Also, 2. 94 ,2. 5 vials of antivenom (range 0-10) were used per person on average, whereas the mean duration of hospitalization was 2. 51 ,1. 5 (range 1-8) days. Conclusions: This study focused on hands, fi, ngers, and feet because these parts can be protected (ie, preventing bites) by wearing shoes and protective gloves. Also, there was no mortality due to extremity snakebites. The most common long-term complications were paresthesia and movement limitation. It is recommended that high-risk populations (like agricultural laborers, nature travelers, and documentary teams) be taught appropriate fi, rst aid practices after snake bites.

Background and purpose: The objective of medical education is to train competent and qualified workforce in order to provide services in various health environments. One of the important objectives of Operating Room students is to train workforce who can involve in patient’s health and recovery. Training these students should cause clinical ability and independent decision making during surgery. Since students during internship face with many problems, this study has been conducted to explore and describe the challenges and EXPERIENCES.Methods: This qualitative study is a phenomenology that was conducted based on 20 students in the last semester of Operating Room associate’s degree with purposive sampling. Deep and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and data were analyzed by content analysis method.Results: The findings in 5 main themes: (1) Physical space and equipment in the operating room, (2) The student’s position in operating room, (3) Integrating knowledge and action, (4) Managing education environment and 5- Student’s viewpoint about operating room and working in it.Conclusions: Interviews with students revealed the educational environment challenges with which they are faced during their study. Teachers can provide solutions to overcome the challenges and create a positive atmosphere for students’ learning using results of this study and students may continue their interest in education and improve the quality of their education.

Background: Nowadays, the promotion of cardiac care programs for infants in need of specialized heart care has improved the survival of these patients. This study aimed to explain the EXPERIENCES of healthcare staff regarding angiography in pediatric patients. Methods: This study was conducted based on qualitative content analysis. The data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face, and individual interviews. In total, 20 participants (9 nurses, 4 radiologists, and 7 pediatric cardiologists) were included in this study. Results: According to the results, three main categories were found in this study, including the need for specialized skills (along with three subcategories of the need for knowledge skills, communication skills, and experience), lack of pediatric angiography facilities (along with three subcategories of a shortage of specialist and pediatric nurses, as well as lack of space), and lack of providing care to caregivers (along with three subcategories of intensive shifts, suffering from aggressive pediatric procedures, and environmental vulnerability). Conclusion: Health care staff working in the field of angiography in infants are experiencing numerous mental and psychological problems; however, the health system has not taken supportive measures for such personnel. The result of this study can help future interventions develop supportive programs for healthcare staff working in this unit.