The process of globalization as a change in the spatial organization and cultural-economic relations has affected the various dimensions of human life, and the globalization of the free flow of information, communications and the transformation of interactions and communications from the micro to macro levels has created the challenges and opportunities against the international community. One of the influential areas of globalization is the issue of ETHNICITY in countries with ethnic diversity like Iran. The purpose of this research is to answer these questions of how globalization has promoted and deepened ETHNICITY. What are the strategies to minimize the ethnic challenges in Iran? The research results are presented in four sections: 1. weakening national sovereignty; 2. intensifying Political and ethnic tensions; 3. ETHNICITY in Iran after the Islamic Revolution; and 4. solutions for ethnic and religious convergence in Iran. This article is based on the theoretical framework of the methodology an analytical descriptive with emphasis on the narrative of interaction between the approach of codification and specificity, and the method of data collection is the use of library resources and articles.

In this study, we have demonstrated that differences in the attitude, behavior and fertility level of ethnic groups are the reaction of their different position in the educational system caused by unequal development. Findings show that there are deep educational inequality, sex imbalance in literacy and level of education, with higher intensity among Kurd ethnic group, and significant differences in the attitudes, behavior and fertility level among ethnic group.Yet, after controlling the effect of independent variables, ethnic differences in fertility declined from 2 children into 0.57 children. In general, 39.3% of ethnic group's fertility variance is explained by the variables studied.Because of high level of educational inequality, attitudes and fertility ideals are also different and support high and low fertility Among Kurds and Turks respectively. These different attitudes caused different demographic functions and continuation of this situation will cause demographic divergency become the predominant in surveyed society.

Marriage patterns occur in various forms across different cultural settings. This study seeks to investigate the role of ETHNICITY in mate selection in Iran. Data from the "Marriage Survey" of the National Organization for Civil Registration of Iran (2016-2017) was used, which includes 9458 individuals who referred to the pre-marital testing laboratories in all provincial centers (except Tehran). The findings showed that 85% of the marriages were semi-arranged (spouse selected by the individual and approved by the family). The multinomial logistic regression test results showed that after controlling all the covariates, ETHNICITY retains its association with mate selection of both sexes. This finding emphasizes the importance of the normative-ethnic theoretical approach in explaining mate selection in Iran, contrasting with the theoretical approach of the similarity of characteristics. This study confirms the findings of previous studies on the role of ETHNICITY in marriage patterns in Iran. It emphasizes the importance of considering it as a cultural factor associated with specific values, norms, and customs in designing policies and programs that facilitate and consolidate marriage.   Extended Abstract Introduction In recent decades, new ways of marriage such as love marriage have spread among the young generation. In arranged marriages, parents usually choose a spouse based on caste/ETHNICITY, religion, and the social and economic status of future spouses.  Contemporary theorists have studied the changes in family and marriage patterns concerning the forces of industrialization and modernization. The changes resulting from these factors have been considered to reduce the authority of parents and increase the freedom of children in choosing their spouses; a process that will eventually lead to the reduction of arranged marriages. On the other hand, it is believed that cultural values ​​and norms shape the expectations and choices of people. Various studies have shown that marriage patterns are different among ethnic groups. The current research seeks to investigate whether ETHNICITY has an independent and significant effect on the pattern of spouse selection in Iran using the latest available information. This research not only enriches family studies in the country but is also important because spouse selection affects divorce, the quality of marital relations, and marital satisfaction. It also affects marriage patterns such as age of marriage and consanguineous marriage.   Method and Data This quantitative research utilizes the secondary analysis of the "Marriage Survey" data from the Bureau of Statistics and Demographic and Migration Information of the National Organization for Civil Registration of Iran (2016-2017). The statistical population includes men and women who visited the pre-marriage genetic and medical screening test center in the capital cities of all provinces (except Tehran), containing 9458 individuals. In this research, the dependent variable is mate selection.  The main independent variable of the research is ETHNICITY, while other independent variables include place of residence, level of education, employment status, monthly income, parents' education, and religion. The dependent variable has three categories: "selection by parents " as an indicator of arranged marriage; "self-selection and family approval" as an indicator of semi-arranged marriage; and "only self-selection" as an indicator of unarranged marriage. Therefore, the multinomial logistic regression analysis technique has been used as the method of multivariate analysis.. The purpose of this study is to predict the probability of arranged and unarranged marriages compared to semi-arranged marriages.   Findings The results of this survey showed that 12% of marriages were arranged. The share of arranged marriages among men and women of the Baluch, Arab, and Lur ethnicities was higher than other ethnic groups. Considering semi-arranged marriages, which accounted for about 85% of marriages, Kurd, Gilak, and Persian men and women predominate. Unarranged marriages, which accounted for only 3% of marriages, were more common among Persian and Turk men and Kurd and Turk women than other ethnic groups The results of the regression models for women showed that Baluch, Arab, Lur, and Turk women were more likely to marry a spouse selected by their parents than Persian women. The results of the full model showed that after adjusting for all the variables, ETHNICITY remained statistically significant. For men, the results showed that before adjusting for other variables, ETHNICITY was generally associated with the dependent variable. The Turk men were exceptions. Furthermore, ETHNICITY has no significant effect on self-selection or unarranged marriage before adjusting for other variables, except for Arabs. In terms of other variables, the education of men and women and the place of residence of women moderated the primary association between ETHNICITY and mate selection after adjusting for other variables.   Conclusion and Discussion It can be concluded that ETHNICITY can still be considered a platform for the formation of people's behavior, including their mate selection. Therefore, it is suggested that policymakers consider culture when making policies in the field of marriage. It is also recommended that future studies include other variables such as family characteristics and socio-cultural attitudes to increase the explanatory power of the analysis.

Marriage patterns are different between countries and even among different ethnic groups within countries. Such differences are determined by both ethnic-cultural factors as well as socio-economic ones. The present paper uses the data from the 1991 Household Socio- Economic Characteristics to examine marriage patterns among ethnic groups in Iran, to identify the impact of ETHNICITY on these patterns. The results indicate that there are distinct marriage patterns among ethnic groups in Iran. Various analyses also show that after controlling socio-economic and demographic factors, ethnic differences in marriage patterns remain in the model. In other words, ETHNICITY has an independent role in the explanation of ethnic differentials in marriage patterns. The result of research shows that though ethnic norms and values are important and influensive in patterns of marriage but some other factors such as modernization and socio-economic determinants have also been important, too. Anthropological-demographic studies using qualitative methods can provide a deeper understanding on the impacts of ethnic norms, values and practices on marriage patterns and family in Iran.

Identity is one of the most essential factors affecting the behavior and economic performance of individuals. Identity economics, as an important subset of behavioral economics, studies the impact of different components of identity on human`s economic behavior. This paper, emphasizing the differences between human behavior and that presented in conventional models, takes into account the social-psychological considerations by using the priming method in a field experiment on a sample of Afghan students from Tajik and Hazara ETHNICITY. The results show that in the multi-ethnic community of Afghanistan, the ETHNICITY of the Afghan people, as a crucial element of their social identity, has a significant effect on their time preferences; so that making the ETHNICITY salient, makes the Tajik people more present bias compared to the Hazara people. Nonetheless, without priming the ETHNICITY, the preference of the Hazara has more tendency towards the present.

Purpose: To investigate the geographical incidence, and grade of prostate cancer in Iran during 2008-2010 and evaluate its relationship with ETHNICITY. Materials and Methods: Data was extracted from the nationwide Iranian cancer registry system during 2008-2010. Pathologies and grade was extracted from scanned reports of patients’ pathologies by a urologist. Results: The average 3-year age standardized incidence rate of prostate cancer during the study period was 11. 52 per 100000 males. The age standardized incidence rates for Persian, Arab, Turkish and Turkmen, Lor, Kurd and Baluch ethnicities were 13. 5, 9. 3, 7. 9, 7. 9, 7. 2 and 2. 1 per 100000, respectively. Poisson regression analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in incidence of prostate cancer in Baluch ETHNICITY (P = 0. 028) and a near significant difference for incidence of prostate cancer in Turk-Turkmen and Kurd ETHNICITY (P = 0. 067 and P = 0. 082) in comparison with Persian ETHNICITY. The median Gleason score distribution of prostate cancer was not concordant to the age standardized incidence rates. 97% of all pathologies were adenocarcinoma of the prostate followed by malignant carcinoma (1. 9%), and transitional cell carcinoma (1. 1%). Conclusion: The incidence of Prostate cancer was different between Baluch and Fars ethnicities in Iran. The lowest ASR of PCa was observed in Baluch ETHNICITY, however the possibility of underreporting due to less access in Baluch ETHNICITY cannot be ruled out. The Gleason distribution pattern was not concordant to the incidence distribution of Prostate cancer.

Ethnicism among ethnic groups is one of the factors that endangers national cohesion and unity. Considering the events and incidents of the last few years in the Azerbaijan region and the historical precedent of the issue of Pan-Turkism, the issue of ETHNICITY in this region is considered a serious concern for the Islamic Republic of Iran, which has also received the attention of researchers. However, the impact of economic factors on the intensification or reduction of ethnicism in Iran's Azerbaijan has been neglected in research. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to investigate this issue by using the analytical-descriptive method and collecting data with a questionnaire from a sample of 292 Turkish language students and by referring to correlation and regression analyses. The results of this study showed that all the considered assumptions have been confirmed and that political ETHNICITY in Azerbaijan has a statistically significant and direct relationship with the improvement of national economic indicators, the improvement of economic indicators of Turkish-speaking countries and an inverse relationship with the increase of interactions with It has other Turkic speaking countries and other regions of Iran.