In the present paper, the phonon dispersion curves (PDC) of some EQUIATOMIC LIQUID ALKALI BINARY ALLOYS are reported in second order approach through the equation given by Hubbard and Beeby (HB). The pair correlation function g (r) is directly computed from the interatomic pair potential, which is used in the present computation. Two different forms of local field correction functions proposed by Hartree (H) and Ichimaru-Utsumi (IU) are used in the present study the screening dependence of the phonon frequencies in the EQUIATOMIC LIQUID ALKALI BINARY ALLOYS. The pseudo-alloy-atom (PAA) model is applied for the first time for the alloying elements.

On the bases of the Percus-Yevick (PY) hard sphere model as a reference system and the Gibbs–Bogoliubov (GB) inequality, a thermodynamic perturbation method has been applied with use of well known model potential. By applying a variational method the best hard core diameters have been found which correspond to minimum free energy. With this procedure the thermodynamical properties such as internal energy, entropy, Helmholtz free energy, entropy of mixing and heat of mixing have been computed for LIQUID NaK BINARY systems. The influence of local field correction function viz; Hartree (HR), Taylor (TY), Ichimaru-Utsumi (IU), Farid et al. (FD) and Sarkar et al. (SS) is also investigated. The computed excess entropy compares favourably in the case of LIQUID ALLOYS while the agreement with the experiment is poor in the case of heats of mixing. This may be due to the sensitivity of the heats of mixing, with the potential parameters and the dielectric function.

Zinc-Nickel electrodeposits have been widely adopted for surface treatment of automobile steel sheet for high corrosion resistance. In this work the effect of pulse parameters on the Zn-Ni alloy electrode posits were investigated. The hardness, thickness, corrosion resistance and composition of deposits thus produced were investigated. The surface topography of the deposits was also observed in SEM and results are reported. It has been shown that the thickness of the pulse electrode posits was almost even. The hardness in the pulse electrode posits increased by increasing the on-time period and by decreasing the current density. It was also noticed that increasing the on-time period increases the nickel content of the deposit. Pulse electrodeposits had fine structure and the structure become finer by reducing the on-time period and pulse frequency. The corrosion behaviors of the deposits were then investigated. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the DC electrode posits improves in their nickel content increases. Pulse electrodeposits show the same behavior, but deposits with about 13% nickel show maximum corrosion resistance.

A lot of amorphous alloy deposits in the BINARY (Ni, Co, Cu) – (P, B) alloy systems fabricated by electro less plating (EP) have been reported up to date. But no one reported their theoretical modeling of the amorphous formation and calculated their concentration range of amorphous formation (RAF). Using Miedema model and sub regular model scheme, the RAFs for the six EP (Ni, Co, Cu) – (P, B) ALLOYS and three Ni–Cu, Ni–Co and Co–Cu ALLOYS have been calculated systematically for the first time. The calculated results are in agreement with experimental observations. Experiments and calculations for the RAFs in the latter three alloy systems reveal that not any RAF formed except crystalline states. The huge difference between the six metal–metalloid ALLOYS and three metal–metal ALLOYS in RAF has been discussed in detail in the paper.

According to phenomenological scaling and the law of corresponding states, reduced coordinates F*-T*, where F* represents the reduced thermodynamic properties (enthalpy of vaporization, speed of sound, surface tension, saturated LIQUID density) and T* is the reduced temperature, are introduced for the prediction of the thermodynamic properties of ALKALI metals. Values of the thermodynamic properties from the melting point up to boiling point are correlated. It has been shown that the correlation between reduced thermodynamic properties, as well as with the reduced temperature, can be expressed as a unique straight-line plot with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The proposed correlation has a simple form for easy calculation, requires only the melting and boiling point parameters, which are usually easy to acquire, and can predict the thermodynamic properties from the melting temperature up to the boiling temperature accurately.

Background: Tramadol is an opioid, synthetic analog of codeine and has been used for the treatment of acute or chronic pain may be abused. In this work, a developed Dispersive LIQUID LIQUID microextraction (DLLME) as BINARY solvents-based dispersive LIQUID-LIQUID microextraction (BS-DLLME) combined with high performance LIQUID chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FD) was employed for determination of tramadol in the urine samples. This procedure involves the use of an appropriate mixture of BINARY extraction solvents (70 mL CHCl3 and 30 mL ethyl acetate) and disperser solvent (600 mL acetone) for the formation of cloudy solution in 5 ml urine sample comprising tramadol and NaCl (7.5%, w/v). After centrifuging, the small droplets of extraction solvents were precipitated. In the final step, the HPLC with fluorescence detection was used for determination of tramadol in the precipitated phase.Results: Various factors on the efficiency of the proposed procedure were investigated and optimized. The detection limit (S/N=3) and quantification limit (S/N=10) were found 0.2 and 0.9 mg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for the extraction of 30 mg L of tramadol was found 4.1% (n=6). The relative recoveries of tramadol from urine samples at spiking levels of 10, 30 and 60 mg/L were in the range of 95.6-99.6%.Conclusions: Compared with other methods, this method provides good figures of merit such as good repeatability, high extraction efficiency, short analysis time, simple procedure and can be used as microextraction technique for routine analysis in clinical laboratories.

In this work, the equation of state-excess Gibbs energy (EoS-GE) model has been employed to predict LIQUID-LIQUID Equilibria (LLE) of some BINARY mixtures at 0.1 MPa. Three BINARY systems containing Decane+Methanol, Cyclohexane+Methanol and Cyclohexane+2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE) have been tested using Peng–Robinson EoS modified by Stryjek and Vera (PRSV), along with the excess Gibbs mixing rules MHV1 and MHV2 and two excess Gibbs models: Wilson equation modified by Tsuboka and Katayama (T–K–Wilson) and UNIQUAC equation. The interaction parameters of T-K-Wilson and UNIQUAC GE models for three BINARY systems have been determined from LLE data points at 0.1 MPa. The prediction ability of the models has been evaluated by comparison of the results with experimental data. Average Absolute Error (AAE) of 0.047 for MHV1 and T–K–Wilson model, 0.0117 for MHV2 and T–K–Wilson model, 0.0317 for MHV1 and UNIQUAC model and 0.0109 for MHV2 and UNIQUAC model have been obtained. As it is clear, the combination of MHV2 excess Gibbs mixing rule with UNIQUAC equation shows a satisfactory agreement with experimental data.

Holdup was measured at various frequencies, amplitudes, continuous and dispersed phase flow rates for BINARY systems in a pulsed plate column capable of providing samples at various heights. The BINARY systems were so selected as to cover a wide spectrum of interfacial tensions. Dispersed phase holdup was found to increase with height in a logarithmic fashion at conditions away from the flooding point and to become almost invariant with height near flooding conditions.The interfacial tension of the BINARY system has a large effect on the dispersed phase holdup. In systems having low interfacial tension, a small increase in any of the parameters can increase the holdup significantly and lead to flooding. In systems having high interfacial tension, on the other hand, variations in system parameters do not affect system performance significantly.

Interfacial tension of both 36 BINARY and 6 ternary LIQUID-LIQUID systems at 298 k, has been predicted through a reliable thermodynamic model. To properly predict interfacial tension, it is necessary to calculate interfacial area of each constituent of the mixtures. For such estimation, two empirical correlations have been proposed for BINARY mixtures whose one component is water and experimental data have been used to calculate interfacial area of ternary mixtures. The UNIQUAUC Excess Gibbs free energy model and its parameters have been used to calculate the concentration and activity coefficients in the bulk and interface phases. The overall average deviation of the predicted BINARY interfacial tensions is 1.84 mN/m. for other 6 ternary systems, the overall average predictions of the predicted ternary interfacial tensions found to be 1.98 mN/m. In comparison with other methods, these deviations are more accurate.