Recent studies show that synthetic glucocorticoids alter testicular homeostasis, In this regard, the influence of Betamethasone as a glucocorticoid widely used on histological changes, EPIDIDYMAL SPERM counts and fertility was explored in male mice. The study sample (50 mice) was allocated to 3 treatment groups, placebo and a control group. Control group was no injected. Only normal saline was given to the placebo group and Betamethasone (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) was injected to the treatment group in peritoneum for 20 days (every other day). After treatment periods, two mice from each group were selected to measure fertility and each male with two females mice were kept for 15 days. After two weeks, the female mice were sedated and the number of embryos in the uterine horn was counted. However, EPIDIDYMAL SPERM was counted in others mice by preparation EPIDIDYMAL suspension. The data analysis was done in SPSS through the Duncan's multiple ranges test. Evaluation of EPIDIDYMAL sections under the microscope showed difference between the group treated in EPIDIDYMAL tissue sections and the control group. This means that the amount of SPERMatozoa in treated groups with Betamethasone was lower than in the control group. EPIDIDYMAL SPERM and the fertility rate in all doses of Betamethasone significantly decreased compared with the control group. However, increasing the dose of Betamethasone fertility rate also non-significantly decreased. It seems that glucocorticoids like the Betamethasone affect testicular function and SPERMatogenesis Causes reduced fertility and have adverse effects on male reproduction.

Background: SPERM mediated gene transfer was approved for producing transgenic animals. There are many studies which reported different success rate by this procedure. Failure in this project mostly is returned to transfection and stability of transferred genes. The other problem that may contribute in project failure may return to the testicular damages which occur at the time of transfection, that have impact on male fertility. In this part of the study we followed the impact of gene injection on EPIDIDYMAL SPERM parameters in rat.Materials and Methods: Total numbers of 55 head Rats were assigned in 5 groups as follow; Control (n=10) were the animals which did not receive any treatment, DOTAP (n=15) received intratesticular 100 mL of cationic DOTAP solution, D-Plasmid (n=15) that received 50 mg of EGFP-pIRES gene plasmid in 100mL DOTAP solution, Plasmid (n=15) that received 50 mg of EGFP-pIRES gene plasmid. Days 2, 5, 10, 30 and 60 after gene injection the rats were euthanized with ethical considerations and their cauda epididymis was separated and minced in TALP medium for 15 min. Then SPERM parameters include SPERM motility, viability and any morphological abnormalities were analyzed using conventional procedures which approved by WHO. Data were analysed using GLM procedure in SAS.Results: The results showed that SPERM count and SPERM motility were not affected by testicular microinjection (p>0.05).There was significant changes in percentages of SPERM abnormalities and SPERM viability following injection of different Materials (p<0.05). SPERM abnormalities increased at days 10 and 30 in DOTAP group (p<0.05). Injection of Plasmid with or without DOTAP cause to significant increase in the percentage of SPERM abnormalities at days 2, 5 and 10 (p<0.05), then decrease at days 30 to 60. SPERM viability significantly decreased after injection of plasmid with or without DOTAP at day 2 of SPERM collection (p<0.05). However, the values of SPERM viability returned to normal condition at day 10 and over.Conclusion: Some SPERM fertility potentials following intra-testicular microinjection are affected and may contribute in failure of intra-testicular gene transfer procedure.Optimizing the favorite time for breeding following intra-testicular microinjection may improve the procedure outcome.

Background: Short time preservation of semen is common in animals (e.g. horse or pig etc…) which their SPERM in known as freezing sensitive SPERM. It also may use for short transportation of other species to be cryopreserved or use in AI or IVF programs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of duration of cool storage on goat EPIDIDYMAL SPERM.Materials and Methods: Total numbers of 40 testes epididymes of slaughtered bucks were transported in an ice container to the Lab and submitted to 4 time of storage (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours) in 5oC refrigerator. After storage caudal epididymes were dissected and cut with a stab incision and incubated in SPERM collection medium (TALP). SPERM parameters were analyzed after time of storage with focus on SPERM abnormalities. GLM procedure was used for data analysis in SAS.Results: The percentages of live SPERMs were significantly reduced after 48 and 72 hours of cool storage (94.08, 90.08, 76.4 and 79.6 for 0, 24, 48 and 72 hoursrs, respectively p<.0.01). An increasing trend of SPERM head abnormalities was detected up to 48 hours (1.7%) of cool storage (p<0.01). Significant increase in tail abnormalities were recorded after 48 and 72 hours of storage (p<0.01). Cytoplasmic droplet significantly decreased after 48 and 72 hours of cool storage (p<0.001).Conclusion: In conclusion, goat EPIDIDYMAL SPERM can be preserved in situ in cool enviromnet up to 24 hours.The results showed impact of duration of cool storage on SPERM abnormalities of goat EPIDIDYMAL SPERM.

Objective: Increased nitric oxide in the SPERMatic veins of men affected by varicocele has been reported. NO plays an important role in the varicocele-induced decrease of seminal quality. iNOS activity may play a role in the testicular dysfunction associated with varicocele during adolescence. iNOS activity was slightly increased in the leydig cells of varicocelized rats. It is a clinical case that inhibitors of NOS have succeeded in enhancing motility. Aminoguanidine is an inhibitor of iNOS. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of AG in efficiency of SPERM parameters in varicocelized rat.Materials and Methods: Twenty four wistar male rats divided into four groups. The group A and B underwent a left experimental varicocele. In group C (sham group), rats underwent a similar procedure but without any change on SPERMatic vein. Group D referred to as control. Animal in group A were killed 10 weeks after the operation. EPIDIDYMAL SPERM parameters were evaluated. Group B received 50 mg/kg AG intraperitoneally daily for ten weeks.Results: SPERM parameters decreased significantly in the group A and the group B in comparison with group C and D (p£0.05). The SPERM parameters increased in the group B that received AG in comparison with the group A (p£0.01). Group C (sham) did not show any significant alteration in SPERM parameters in comparison with the control group.Conclusion: These findings suggest that iNOS is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of varicocele. This study may support the concept that the use of iNOS inhibitor in infertile men with varicocele may be useful.