Purpose: NTrap® stone ENTRAPMENT and extraction device (NTrap® ) is a device used to extract and remove stones from the urinary tract and to minimize retrograde stone migration during ureterolithotripsy (URS). This study aimed to evaluate the EFFICACY and safety of NTrap® in URS. Methods: From Jan 2014 to June 2017, 148 patients underwent URS with the aid of NTrap® (Group A), and 209 patients underwent standard URS without any anti-retropulsion device (Group B). Their demographics, operation time, complications, stone migration rate, and stone-free rate (SFR) were recorded for comparison. Results: Compared with group B, Group A had a significantly shorter operative and lasering time (P = 0. 003, P<0. 001, respectively). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in overall complications, a decrease in mean hemoglobin, and length of stay (LOS) (P = 0. 426, P = 0. 097, P = 0. 058, respectively). The incidence of stone migration was significantly lower in Group A than Group B (P = 0. 035). The postoperative auxiliary procedure rate (in patients with stones retropulsion during the operation) was significantly lower in Group A compared to Group B (P = 0. 024). The SFR was considerably higher in Group A than Group B (P = 0. 009). Conclusion: URS, with the aid of NTrap® , is an effective and safe method for treating ureteric stones. It may prevent stones from retropulsion and shorten the operative time.

Crime detection is among the police major missions. The present paper tries to explore the process of ENTRAPMENT by the police from three different perspectives: Police, accused, and evidences. If a crime is detected through ENTRAPMENT by the police, the crime is of the type related to police officers, the perpetrator has criminal responsibility. If a police officer encourages somebody to commit a crime, he will be the suspect for being the accomplice of the perpetrator.Due to certain reasons, crime detection by ENTRAPMENT is against public order and ethics; evidences obtained through such method are not of sufficient validity for proving lots of crimes. Nonetheless, national security and specific nature of certain new crimes necessitates the use of such method for detecting crime. This paper examines rules of the U.S., France, England, and Italy on this issue and qualifies the method with Islamic Criminal system.

In criminal law, ENTRAPMENT is a practice whereby a law enforcement agent induces a person to commit a criminal offense that the person would have otherwise been unlikely to commit. It is a type of conduct that is generally frowned upon, and thus in many jurisdictions is a possible defense against criminal liability.Depending on the law in the jurisdiction, the prosecution may be required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not entrapped or the defendant may be required to prove that they were entrapped as an affirmative defense.The ENTRAPMENT defense in the United States has evolved mainly through case law. Two competing tests exist for determining whether ENTRAPMENT has taken place, known as the “subjective” and “objective” tests. The “subjective” test looks at the defendant's state of mind; ENTRAPMENT can be claimed if the defendant had no “predisposition” to commit the crime. The “objective” test looks instead at the government's conduct; ENTRAPMENT occurs when the actions of government officers would usually have caused a normally law-abiding person to commit a crime.

Introduction: The oral insulin delivery is the most familiar, easy and patient friendly of all the routes of insulin applications. The aim of this study was to generate a new chitosan coated insulin nanoliposomes and evaluate their potential for the delivery of insulin.Materials & Methods: Nanoliposomes encapsulated insulin with negative surface charge was prepared by reverse phase evaporation method. For such a preparation, nanoliposomes lecithin, cholesterol, cetyldiphosphate and b-cyclodexterin were used. Then, nanoliposomes were coated by means of incubation with the chitosan solution. The encapsulation efficiency of the prepared nanoliposomes was measured by spectrophotometry technique after dissolution of the nanoparticles. The hypoglycemic efficacies of chitosan-coated insulin nanoliposomes were investigated by monitoring the blood glucose level after oral administration to diabetic rabbits.Findings: Insulin ENTRAPMENT EFFICACY for the prepared nanoliposomes by application of the new formulation was significantly (p<0.05) higher (79±0.16) than those of other formulations, respectively. The in vivo result clearly indicated that the insulin loaded nanoliposomes could effectively reduce the blood glucose level in diabetic rabbits.Discussion & Conclusion: The results clearly suggested that the prepared nanoliposomes could be considered a good candidate for oral insulin delivery.

Introduction: Oral delivery is the most favorable route for insulin administration. The aim of this study was to generate new chitosan coated insulin nanoliposomes and then to assess the physiological EFFICACY of these nanoliposomes after oral administration in diabetic rabbits.Methods: Nanoliposomes with negative surface charge encapsulating insulin were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method. To prepare nanoliposomes, lecithin, cholesterol, acetyl-diphosphate and b-cyclodexterin were used. Then, nanoliposomes were coated by means of incubation with the chitosan solution. The encapsulation efficiency of prepared nanoliposomes was measured by spectrophotometry technique after dissolution of the nanoparticles. The hypoglycemic EFFICACY of chitosan-coated insulin nanoliposomes were investigated by monitoring the blood glucose level after oral administration to diabetic rabbits.Results: Insulin ENTRAPMENT EFFICACY for preparation of new formulated nanoliposomes 79±0.16 were significantly higher than other formulations (p<0.05). Thein vivo results clearly indicated that the insulin-loaded nanoliposomes could effectively reduce the blood glucose level in diabetic rabbits from 250±0.75 mg/dl to 125±0.98 mg/dl after 4 hours.Conclusion: The results clearly suggest that nanoliposomes may be considered as a good tool for oral insulin delivery.

Introduction: Oral insulin is the most familiar and easiest way of prescribing insulin. Thus, the aim of this study was to produce newly formulated Chitosan-coated insulin nanoliposomes as well as evaluate their potential EFFICACY for delivery in the condition of in vitro.Materials and Methods: Nanoliposomes encapsulating insulin with negative surface charge were produced using the method of reverse phase evaporation Lecithin, cholesterol, cetyl-diphosphate and β-cyclodexterin were used for producing nanoliposomes. Then, nanoliposomes were coated with Chitosan solution using  incubation. Having been dissolved, the nanoliposomes were evaluated for encapsulation efficiency using the technique of spectrophotometry. Using incubation method, the destructive effect of Peptic and tryptic on the insulin containing nano capsules was determined and compared to their effect on free insulin.Results: Insulin ENTRAPMENT EFFICACY for the newly-formulated nanoliposomes was significantly (p<0.05) higher (79±0.16) than that of the other formulations. In all conditions, the insulin contained in Chitosan–coated nanoliposomes was highly protected from digestive effect of peptic and tryptic as compared to the uncoated nanoliposomes which did not protect the insulin from digestion.Conclusion: The results clearly suggest that the produced nanoliposomes may be considered as an appropriate alternative for the purpose of oral insulin delivery.

Chronic calf pain may have various etiologies including stress fracture, chronic compartment syndrome, accessory soleous muscle, and muscle sprains. An uncommon cause of chronic calf pain is ENTRAPMENT neuropathy. Because ENTRAPMENT neuropathies are uncommon, they are often underdiagnosed. A 15-year-old adolescent developed progressive calf pain 10 months before his presentation. Physical examination and paraclinical studies revealed no abnormality and electrodiagnostic study was reported as normaL 2 months nonoperative the superficial sural aponeurosis treatment and one surgical intervention were failed. Reexamination was revealed positive Tinels sign and paresthesia in distribution of the sural nerve. Surgical exploration revealed ENTRAPMENT of the medial sural cutaneous nerve localized in the passage of the nerve resulted in complete resolution of symptoms and full recovery. Several location for ENTRAPMENT of the sural nerve were reported, but we couldnt found any report in english language literature about sural nerve ENTRAPMENT in the superficial sural aponeurosis in no athletics.

Blow out fracture is a common disease in oculoplastics clinics. One of indication for surgical intervention is ENTRAPMENT of inferior rectus muscle in the fractured site. In this article authors represent two cases with this disease who underwent surgery for the ENTRAPMENT of perimuscular fascia without inferior rectus muscle involvement. The results of treatment in both cases were excellent. The study was aimed to represent the specific clinical and radiological findings.

Background: Epidural catheters are seldom difficult to remove from patients. The breakage of the catheters is uncommon, troublesome and occasionally dangerous.Case presentation: A lumbar epidural catheter inserted in a 17 year-old man for applying anesthesia for internal fixation of femur fracture and subsequent postoperative epidural analgesia. In the third postoperative day, during unsuccessful attempt for removing the catheter, it was broken and was retained in his back. A CT-scan was performed and shows a fragment of catheter in the sub-laminar ligament between L3 and L4 without any connection with epidural space. As the patient had no complaint the fractured fragment was left in site and he was just followed up in the clinic.Conclusion: The knowledge of practical method in locating the retained epidural catheter, and the indication for surgical removal are very important. CT-scan is useful in showing the mechanism and locating the epidural catheter ENTRAPMENT and facilitating surgical follow-up.