Background: Survivors of childhood malignancy are at risk of long-term late effects. One of the most commonly involved systems in this effect is ENDOCRINE system. Appropriate timely recognition and treatment of late complications including ENDOCRINE complication is essential for the continuing health and improvement in quality of life in cancer survivors.Objectives: Therefore, this study has been conducted to investigate the aforementioned complications resulting from the treatment of the common malignancies in children in Iran.Patients and Methods: We performed a cross sectional study for evaluation of ENDOCRINE complication in cancer survivors who had finished their cancer treatment and come for followed up in oncology clinic of children medical center.Results: Demographic data, treatment modality, and ENDOCRINE late effect recorded and analyzed. There were 96 survivors with median age of 13.8±5.8 years (range 3 - 31 years). The median follow up time was 2.7 years (range 1 - 10 years). Hyperinsulinemia was the most common late effect. Other complication was dyslipidemia, overweight, obesity, osteopenia, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis respectively.Conclusions: Our study has demonstrated a significant prevalence of ENDOCRINE complication after childhood cancer therapy and a long term follow-up program for survivors of childhood cancer is therefore needed.

Energy expenditure is determined by basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and Thermic Effect of Foods (TEF). Some ENDOCRINE hormones have role in basal metabolism and hence in human energy expenditure. And some foods pose more thermic effects on the total body energy expenditure and therefore can influence body weight. This review was performed to discuss factors which may affect body metabolism and body weight. Latest medical databases and nutrition and metabolism books were reviewed. We used the following keywords in online databases: "Weight Management" and "Hormones"; "Energy Metabolism" and "dietary factors"; "Weight Management" and "dietary factors"; "ENDOCRINE Hormones" and "energy expenditure"; "Basal Energy Expenditure" and "dietary factors"; " Thermic Effect of Foods" and "dietary factors". The best designed articles were used to perform this review. The results are presented bellow. Spicy foods, Caffeine, and alcohol are some dietary factors and Body Size, Body Composition, Age and Gender are the non-dietary factors which may affect the metabolism. Diet composition can also slightly influence the metabolism. This effect depends on how efficient a dietary component is metabolized in the body. Regular dietary pattern also can slightly increase TEF comparing with irregular dietary pattern. Thyroid hormones, Ghrelin, Epinephrine, Cortisol, Steroid hormones, Leptin, Growth hormone, and insulin are among the most important hormones which may influence on metabolism and body weight. Energy expenditure is the basis for measuring human energy requirement and is crucial for weight management. Various hormonal, dietary and non-dietary factors are engaged in total body energy expenditure and are important for weight management.

Introduction: Multiple ENDOCRINE neoplasia syndromes (Type 2B) is a condition associated with systemic malignancies and posses orofacial manifestations. The oral mamifestations help clinician to diagnose disease in early ages. In this article a case is reported with MEN2B syndrome which was diagnosed on the basis of orofacial findings.Case report: An eight years old boy was refered for routine dental cares to Mashhad Dental School. In clinical examinations, multiple papules (which defined as neuroma by histopathologic examination) were found on the lip comissures, tip of the tounge and margin of lower eyelids. He had long, narrow face, high arched palate and eversion of eyelids. On the basis of oral and ocular findings, the diagnosis of MEN2B syndrome was made and the patient was refered to a pediatric endocrinologist. Thyroid scans showed cold nodules in thyroid gland which was confirmed by histopathologic examination as medullary carcinoma after total thyroidectomy. Epinephrine and neurepinephrine metabolites were high in urine analysiy setting him in suspicion to develop pheochromocytoma in future. Now the patient is under specialist control.Conclusion: Early diagnosis of MEN2B syndrome is necessary for successful treatment. The dentist may be the first one who diagnoses this syndrome by its orofacial signs. So Dentists should be aware of oral findings of this disease.

Our understanding of the pathogenesis of ENDOCRINE disorders increase rapidly by genetic studies at the molecular level. Common ENDOCRINE disorders such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, osteoporosis, dyslipidemia and cancer follow the multifactorial model in the genetic aspect. This review tries to clarify the approach in molecular studies of such diseases for clinicians in different specialties. How to evaluate a possible association between a single nucleotide polymorphism and an endocrinopathy or its complication is the main concern of this review. Two approaches for gene mapping will be discussed as well as main challenges regarding each approach. All such genetic studies ideally include some test of the association between genome sequence variation and the phenotype of interest such as the trait itself, the presence of a given complication, or measures of some endocrinopathy-related intermediate trait. Despite different advances in this analysis, there are major concerns regarding the overall performance and robustness of genetic association studies. By using powerful new high-throughput methods, further insights to molecular basis of such ENDOCRINE disorders can be expected. Close correlation between geneticists and clinicians can effectively bridge between basic sciences and clinical investigations.

Recently, a number of procedures for interventional radiology diagnosis and treatment have been developed by the radiologists. The “Interventional Radiology‟ refers to the therapeutic procedures performed under imaging guidance. The emergence of this specialty has been made possible by a lot of advances in the technology, imaging systems, and radiologists experience. Interventional radiologists are physicians who are experienced in minimally invasive procedures and targeted treatments which have less risk, less pain and less recovery time in comparison with the surgery. Minimizing the patient discomfort, avoid of general anesthesia, lower incidence of morbidity and mortality, and de-creases the length and cost of hospitalization are some advantages of interventional radiology procedures. Similar to all medical fields, interventional procedures have been introduced and developed for the diagnosis and treatment of endocrinology procedures. In this article we aim to review and report our experience about the role of interventional radiology in venous sampling for ENDOCRINE diseases (such as parathyroid venous sampling, inferior petrosal sinus sampling, adrenal venous sampling, and venous sampling for islet cell tumors). In addition, interventional treatments of neuroENDOCRINE cancer metastases to the liver, percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for secondary hyperparathy-roidism, treatment of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules by percutaneous ethanol injection, radiofrequency ablation of the adrenal gland neoplasms, and also establishing a cGMP pancreatic islet processing facility have been discussed in this article.

Thalassemia major is a genetic disorder and blood transfusion is critical for survival in these patients. Over the course of the past three decades, hyper transfusion therapy in these patients has shown significant increase in life expectancy and quality of life. Unfortunately this type of therapy also increased the frequency of complications due to iron overload. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of ENDOCRINE disturbances in patients, aged over 10 years, with thalassemia major.Materials and Methods: Fifty six patients, aged over 10 years, with thalassemia major were enrolled. Physicians collected demographic data and history of therapies as well as menstrual histories in females. Patients were examined to determine their pubertal status and SDS of height for evaluation of short stature. For evaluation of glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Serum levels were measured for calcium, phosphorous, thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxin, luteinizing hormone, follicular stimulating hormone, and estradiol and testosterone in girls and boys respectively.Results: Fifty-six patients with thalassemia major, aged between 10-27 years, were evaluated. In this study prevalences of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance test were 8.9%, 28.6% and 7.1% respectively. Short stature (SDS :S;-2)was seen in 70% of boys and in 73% of girls. Hypocalcaemia and primary overt hypothyroidism were present in 41% and 16% respectively; 14.3% of our patients had no ENDOCRINE abnormalities. Conclusion: Despite recent therapy with Desferal in the management of beta-thalassemia major, the risk of secondary ENDOCRINE dysfunction remains high. Hypogonadism is one of the most frequent ENDOCRINE complications. ENDOCRINE evaluation in patients with thalassemia major must be carried out regularly especially in those patients over the age of 10 years, in Tabriz.

Background: Particular requirements of pediatric and adolescent liver-transplant (LT) recipients necessitate the evaluation of such population from the ENDOCRINE viewpoint. Objective: To determine the ENDOCRINE disorders among LT recipients. Methods: 129 LT recipients younger than 18 years, and at least 6 months post-LT with no pervious history of ENDOCRINE disorders were included in the study. Demographic, anthropometric and biochemical data were collected. Results: 36% of cases had evidence of impaired fasting glucose; the problem, however, was dramatically resolved (decreased to 2. 3%) by using of prediabetic diet. Identifying only 1 case of primary hypothyroidism indicated that thyroid dysfunction seems not to be a prevalent finding in the patients. 3 cases of rickets and no case of parathyroid dysfunction were identified. 11% of the study population were hypocalcemic (2 had rickets as well). Pubertal condition in 3 patients and delayed puberty before LT in 6 remained the same; further evaluation revealed they had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Conclusion: Regular monitoring for development of diabetes and hypocalcemia is indicated. Evaluation of those with delayed puberty for receiving sexual hormones is also recommended.

Background: Thalassemia is the most common hereditary anemia and beta thalassemia major is its most severe form. ENDOCRINE abnormalities in thalassemia major are common disturbing complications that need prompt management. The purpose of this study was to determine the ENDOCRINE disorders and bone mineral density in patients with major b-thalassemia in Qazvin, Iran.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 77 patients with b-thalassemia major (15-36 years old) were enrolled. Physical examination, laboratory tests, bone radiography and bone density measurements were performed. Then, the data were analyzed.Results: Forty patients were males. The mean age was 21.26±4.53 years old. The mean BMI was 20.15±2.79 kg/m2. Impaired puberty, short stature, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, IGT, hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D insufficiency were observed in 46.8%, 33.8%, 18.2%, 16.9%, 13%, 7.8%, 45.5% and 24.7% of patients, respectively. Nearly 80% of patients had low bone mineral density. Bone mineral density was significantly associated with hypogonadism (p=0.001), short stature (p=0.026), hypoparathyroidism (p=0.031), hypothyroidism (p=0.048), diabetes mellitus (p=0.002) and vitamin D deficiency (p<0.001).Conclusion: Impaired puberty and short stature were the most common ENDOCRINE complications in our population. Low bone density (osteopenia, osteoporosis) is significantly different in b-thalassemic patients with and without ENDOCRINE complications.