To be extended as 1648000 Km2, Iran has a widely varied climate; it is a habitat for very different plant species. Nearly 190 families of vascular plants are found in this country, totally containing 8500- 9500 species, the ENDEMIC plants being relatively numerous. Considering the inevitable importance of plants identification, a complete index of the ENDEMIC species of Phanerogams in Iran is listed. The previously mentioned species are ordered according to Cronquist’s classification system. The volume number and the page number of the reliable references containing the under survey species monographs are mentioned below the species name. According to the fact that plants are growing exclusive in Iran, it will be worthy to do research on them from different aspects and the results can be presented in the form of important international articles. It should be mentioned that the present article refers to 1922 species belonging to 328 genera and 57 plant families, while all of them are belonging to Iranian Phanerogams. It seems that this article gives a detailed and accurate list of ENDEMIC Phanerogams of Iran, which are known up to the end of the 20th century. We hope that the researchers of our country on doing separate scientific studies on different aspects of the above-mentioned plants will open a new horizon to the advancement of our science, showing the value of such treasure to the world.

In amid of COVID-19 pandemic, one of the concerns is whether it can become an ENDEMIC disease. Perhaps the main reason for this concern is that other coronaviruses, OC43, 229E, NL63, are already among ENDEMIC cause of moderate to severe respiratory infections similar to that of common cold. Becoming ENDEMIC depends on reinfection by the same virus, viral competition, and the seasonality of the infection. Coronaviruses, having larger RNA genomes and potentially prone to genetic drift are capable to becoming ENDEMIC, which in the case of new coronavirus all depends on antiviral therapy and effective vaccination against viral infection.

Tuberculous peritonitis is a lethal disease if not diagnosed in a timely manner. Aims: To identify the clinical, laboratory, and diagnostic features of tuberculous peritonitis in Iranian patients. Patients: All cases of tuberculosis peritonitis having a definite diagnosis confirmed by pathology in four referral university hospitals in Tehran between 1989 and 1999 were studied. Methods: Clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings and invasive procedures performed were reviewed. Results: A total of 50 patients (30 female, 20 male) with a mean age of 33.5 years were studied. Main presenting symptoms included abdominal pain (84%), weight loss (72%) and fever (50%). 24 percent of patients had a positive tuberculin test. ESR higher than 50mm/h was detected in 60 percent of patients and 4.4 percent had an ESR higher than 100 mm/h. Laparoscopy or laparotomy showed peritoneal seeding in 74 percent of patients. Conclusions: Exudative ascites should raise clinical suspicion of tuberculosis peritonitis in ENDEMIC areas or immigrants from ENDEMIC areas. Laparoscopy is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic method.

Satureja edmondi is an important medicinal plant species which is one of the rare ENDEMIC plant species of Iran. Since seeds of the species are not found enough in the nature and the available seeds hardly germinate as well, micropropagation and mass reproduction is required in order to prevent the extinction of the species. Hence, the green branches of the species were cultured on MS medium (with half contents of the KNO3 and NH4NO3) to increase the number of branches. Then, the branches were transferred to 1.2 MS and DKW media with different levels of BAP, 2iP and IBA hormones. Then the branches were transferred to DKW medium containing NAA and IBA. Most of the branch productions were occurred on the DKW media, containing 0.5 mgl-1 BAP and the best hormone for rooting was 0.5 mgl-1 IBA. Regenerated plantlets were established in greenhouse and then grown under field conditions.

Veronica L. (Plantaginaceae) is one of the largest genera with about 450 species in the world. This genus is present in different regions of Iran with 61 species. According to previous studies, the morphological and micromorphological characters of this genus have a taxonomic significance. Therefore, we tried to solve the systematic relationships of this genus by studying the morphological, micro-morphological and anatomical characters of its fruit in ENDEMIC and semi-ENDEMIC species of Iran, that have been studied less. After preparation, the fruits were studied using a SEM (Scanning electron Microscope). Cutting manually and double staining were performed for anatomical studies. In this study, various traits such as size, color, shape and surface of the capsule as well as anatomical characteristics such as number and type of cell of different layers of pericarp were investigated comparatively between different species. The shape of the capsule was varied from ovoid to obcordate and tip to emarginate. In most cases, the capsules are puberulent, and only in the V. viscosa the surface is glabrous. The endocarp is generally lignified, the mesocarp cells vary from rounded to square and from one to four layers. Epicarp often consists of elongate cell.

Background: Nepeta depauperata Benth is an ENDEMIC species and is extensively exploited as an anti-inflammatory agent in Iranian traditional medicine.Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of methanol extract of N. depauperata in male mice.Materials and Methods: The anti-nociceptive activities of the extract were investigated by the formalin test and Hot plate test respectively. Comparisons between the groups were carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post Hoc Tukey test.Results: N. depauperata extract showed anti-nociceptive effect. Doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg reduced the paw flexing time in formalin test from the control (P<0.05 in both phases). The doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; 100 and 200 mg/kg reduced the pawlicking time in first and second phases of the formalin test from the control, respectively (P<0.05). The observed effect was not reversed by naloxone. In Hot plate test, doses of 160 and 250 mg/kg significantly reduced the nociception in comparisons to control (P<0.05). All doses of the studied extract also showed antinociceptive activity.Conclusions: This study revealed that the methanol extract of N.depauperata may minimize both the acute and chronic forms of nociception and may have potent role against inflammation.

Background: Malaria is an ENDEMIC infectious disease in southeastern parts of Iran. Despite years of efforts and intervention programs against malaria, transmission still occurs in Jask County.Methods: The epidemiological perspective of malaria in Jask County was conducted by gathering data from Jask County health center, during 2006–2010. A knowledge, attitude and practice study was also carried out. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS ver. 11.5.Results: A total of 2875 malaria cases were recorded, with highest and lowest numbers in 2007 and 2010, respectively. The number of cases had a decreasing trend from 1022 cases in 2006 to 114 cases in 2010. The main causative parasitic agent was Plasmodium vivax. Blood examination rate and slide positive rate were also decreased from 39.5% and 4.3% in 2006 to 15.6% and 1.4% in 2010, respectively. Most of people interviewed in the KAP study had a good knowledge about malaria transmission and symptoms but their use of the bed net for prevention was low (35%).Conclusion: Malaria incidence had significant reduction during the study years. The main reason for this may be due to changing environmental condition for Anopheline breeding and survival because of drought. Another reason may be integration of vector management by using long lasting insecticide treated bed nets, active case detection and treatment by implementation of mobile teams and increasing in financial sources of malaria control program. Knowledge, attitude and practice of people were good in malaria control and prevention, but needs to do more activities for health education and awareness.

Background: The present study was conducted approximately 40 years ago, but its results have not been re-leased. At the time of this study, the importance of the gut microbiota was not fully understood. Methods: Meriones persicus rodents, as one of the major reservoirs of Yersinia pestis bacterium in Iran, were compared in a disease ENDEMIC area (Akanlu, Hamadan, western Iran) and a non-ENDEMIC zone (Telo, Teh-ran, Iran) from 1977 to1981. Results: This study was able to transmit the resistance to Y. pestis to other rodents creatively by using and transferring gut microbiota. Conclusion: The study indicated for the first time that the gut microbiota could affect the sensitivity to plague in Meriones in Telo.