Pathogens are an important and significant hazard for human and animal health. In recent years, antibiotics are used to treat different types of infection caused by bacterial agents. In veterinary medicine, antibiotics injected into hatching EGGs to eliminate pathogens and prevention of EGG transmission of disease, but the adverse effects of drugs have always been a major concern. There is scantly information available about the safety and pathological alterations of florfenicol drug in embryonated EGGs. The objective of this study was to investigate using of various dosages of florfenicol solution for in ovo administration in chicken embryo. Fertile chicken EGGs were divided into four equal treatment groups as follows: group 1: no injected group. Group 2: phosphate buffered saline-injected group; whose individuals were injected with phosphate buffered saline. Groups 3 and 4 whose individuals were injected with florfenicol injectable solution at a dosage of 20 and 30 mg per Kg EGG-weight, respectively. Embryos were re-incubated post-treatment and allowed to develop until day 18 after which; they were examined for macroscopic and microscopic lesions. Results showed that embryos were normal in all treatment groups. Microscopically, no lesions were also diagnosed in tissues. Based on macroscopic and microscopic findings, it is concluded that florfenicol at above-mentioned concentration is not toxic for the chicken embryo. So, florfenicol EGG-injection can be used to eliminate pathogens and prevention of EGG transmission of the disease without any adverse effect.

EGG sharing or oocyte sharing has different meanings: one is usage of a donor for two recipients that the recipients share the donated oocytes and compensation expenses. But the more popular definition of oocyte sharing is that an infertile woman undergoing assisted reproductive techniques gives half of her own oocytes to a recipient in return for subsidized expenses of fertility treatment. This paper focuses on the later definition and compares this procedure with oocyte donation from ethical, religious, social and legal perspective. The key results are as follows: oocyte sharing is more acceptable upon Islam, ethically it does not put a normal and fertile young woman under risk of fertility drugs, anesthesia and operations, socially it reduces the danger of “oocyte business” like changing the donor to vender, payment, brokers, arguments, advertisements, etc … and legally there is no difference between these two procedure and if donation is acceptable, so is the sharing program. There are two major concerns about EGG sharing which are as follows: 1. maybe there are some psychological effect on donors who do not succeed to have a child but the recipient does. Although this effect was not reported in many researches and donors were always happy about what they did, but with complete anonymity it can be reduced. 2. There is a concern about the health of donor who is infertile and can have some health problems and advanced age which can be afforded by definition of some criteria for the suitable EGG sharers.

For some infertile couples, EGG donation is the only option. In EGG sharing programs, patients share half of their EGGs with another couple in exchange for a discount on assisted reproductive technology. In many countries, using this method is legally discussed. Iran is the only Islamic country in which donation programs are practiced, so, we designed this study to compare EGG sharing to ordinary EGG donation from ethical, legal, and religious aspects. A complete review of ethical issues and debates about EGG donation and sharing was done. For religious issues, we consulted clergies, Islamic texts, and current decrees (fatwas). Social issues and legal problems were examined by consulting expert opinion and jurists. Also a complete review of literature was done. EGG donation and EGG sharing are both religiously accepted in Iran by the Shiite clergies as they are considered completely similar. EGG sharing has some religious (seeing and touching the female genitalia) and social (preventing repetitive donation) advantages to EGG donation as well as avoiding complications of fertility drugs and procedures, financial and trading issues, advertisement and brokers. However, there are some disadvantages with EGG sharing, such as reduced likelihood of conception by donating half of the EGGs, challenges related to donor health, and emotional stress of failure for the donor and success for the recipient, which can be prevented by careful case selection, psychology and genetics consultation, and practicing anonymity. As a result, EGG sharing is ethically and religiously more acceptable than commercial EGG donation.

BACKGROUND: Reproductive diseases are among the most important life threatening problems in captive female iguanas. EGG binding is a reproductive disorder in which female iguana cannot lay one or more of its EGGs, mainly caused by improper husbandry. Physiological and pathological process of EGG production such as EGG binding in iguanas has to be assessed more. OBJECTIVES: In this study, diagnostic value of two modalities, radiography and ultrasonography, have been compared for evaluation of EGG binding in green iguana. METHODS: In this study ultrasonography and digital radiography were used as non-invasive methods to evaluate and describe dystocia in captive female green iguanas. Ultrasonography was performed in ventral aspect of abdomen in two sagittal and transverse planes. While radiographic images were taken in both dorso-ventral (DV) and lateral projections. RESULTS: Ultrasonography provided more accurate and informative results than digital radiology. Radiography can be used to detect gravidity and presence of large EGGs or follicles. Heterogeneous echogenic EGGs or follicles, with different EGG size, irregularity in EGG borders and echogenic free fluid in celomic cavity were detected in EGG-bound green iguanas. Among these ultrasongraphic evidences, the strongest sign was presence of echogenic free fluid in celomic cavity. However digital radiography is unable to delineate fluids in celomic cavity following EGG binding in green female iguanas. Among two radiographic positioning, dorsoventral view provides more information than lateral images. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, when we encounter a female green iguana with clinical signs of EGG binding, ultrasonography has more advantages than radiography, however both modalities can be informative.

The study was conducted to determine the effects of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) EGG weight on certain EGG traits and hatching performance. A total of 178 turkey EGGs comprising of three different EGG weight groups below 60 g (G I), 61 to 69 g (G II) and above 70 g (G III) were used for this study. Average EGG weight (g), EGG length (cm), EGG breadth (cm) and EGG volume (cm3) values increased with increasing EGG weight. There was a significant (P<0.01) difference in EGG traits between EGG weight groups except shape index. Percentage of infertile EGGs and embryonic mortalities were decreased whereas percentage of dead in shell, total EGG hatchability, fertile EGG hatchability, fertility and poult hatched weight values were increased as weight of EGG increased. Results of higher hatching performance was obtained for EGGs that weighed above 71 g and were statistically significant (P<0.01) from EGGs that weighed between 60-69 g and below 60 g. It is concluded that turkey EGGs that weigh above 70 g would be suitable for setting to obtain better reproductive performance followed by medium sized turkey EGGs (6-69 g) and small sized turkey EGGs weighed below 60 g.