Doping is the most important issues in national and international sports events which are contrary to the values of Olympic Movement and spirit of sport. IOC activities in fighting against Doping led to establish World AntiDoping Agency (2003) and all national and international sport organizations obliged to follow the WADA code (2005). EUNESCO convention was signed by 139 countries and become enforceable. Nevertheless, more Doping cases arose. Specially the Russian Doping scandal before Rio Olympic Game (2016). IOC decided to establish new CAS Division (Anti-Doping Division). CAS-ADD started working in Rio Olympic Games. CAS-ADD works under Swiss Law and accept Doping-related matters, appoint a panel (independent and qualified), rule on WADA code and general principles of law (due process and procedure law), decision making within 24 hours-if necessary after the game, jurisdiction over subsequent retesting of samples during games. CAS demonstrated independence and capability in Rio games.

According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), gene Doping refers to the non-therapeutic use of genes, gene components, and cellular elements that enhance the athletic performance capacity of animals. Doping used to be done with various drugs such as Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS), Caffeine, Cocaine, Amphetamine, Apomorphine, Fentanyl, Barbiturates, Butazone, etc. but with the progress in the field of gene therapy, the necessary tools for gene Doping were created. The objectives of this review were to introduce the types of drug Doping, gene Doping, the detection methods and important candidate genes used in gene Doping in horses. Gene Doping Methods and Detection Techniques Gene Doping methods can generally be classified into three categories: gene transfer, gene silencing, and gene editing. Various methods have been proposed for detecting gene Doping, which can be broadly categorized as indirect and direct detection methods. Indirect methods measure the body's responses to Doping, while direct method, which clearly identifies the Doping agent, the goal is to identify the genetic materials of Doping, a protein produced from the gene Doping gene, or a vector. All gene Doping detection methods have their advantages and disadvantages, and it is evident that detecting gene Doping will be challenging. Candidate Genes in Gene Doping Candidate genes commonly used in gene Doping include EPO, IGF1, GH, HIF1, PPARD, MSTN, ACTN2, ACTN3, VEGFA, POMC, PENK, ACE, and PCK1. Conclusion Given the sensitivity and significance of equestrian sports and horse racing, the likelihood of owners, trainers, and riders resorting to Doping to achieve victory is increasing. As gene Doping is more effective and harder to detect than traditional drug Doping, it receives more attention from offenders. As a result, equestrian and horse racing competitions are facing a new challenge known as gene Doping. Although there is currently no evidence of gene Doping being used, the necessary technology exists to implement various forms of gene Doping. The most effective measure for controlling Doping is the introduction of precise Doping detection tests. While a wide range of diagnostic tests has been proposed, there is currently no official and widespread method for detecting gene Doping. A successful anti-Doping program should not only include diagnostic tests but also focus on education, supervision, and implementation methods.

Use of substances to enhance performance seems to be as old as competitive sports itself.There is no consensus regarding a comprehensive and universally accepted definition of Doping between sports audience and authorities and it has been defined through a variety of viewpoints. Drugs frequently misused in Iran include anabolic steroids, growth hormone and diuretics; these may be associated with several and sometimes lethal consequences. Convincing data on the prevalence of drug misuse in elite sports are difficult to obtain because the athletes involved in the practice will normally deny their illegal activities. However, the existing evidence indicates that the use of performance enhancing drugs in elite-level sport is now widespread. Unfortunately, Doping is increasingly growing in our country. Some studies regarding the point and lifetime prevalence of steroid misuse in Iran have estimated them in the ranges of 10.7-59% and 26-100%, respectively. There are special dilemmas regarding Doping in Iran: Athletes usually have no access to expert consultants and frequently get their information from coaches and traders who are not often very well informed. Also, the rate of drug misuse among amateur athletes is high. Furthermore, athletes commonly use drugs which are inappropriate for their sport discipline or may result in various side effects. Inaccessibility of standard supplements is another problem. Three main measures used to combat Doping include in-competition drug testing, out-of- competition testing and education of target groups. It seems that education is one of the most efficient and cost effective anti-Doping activities.

In the past three decades, performance-enhancing drugs have been increasingly taken by athletes. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of Doping and type of Doping substances in World Sports in 2004-2005. Information about the number of tests and positive tests in different sports were gained via World Anti-Doping Agency and International Olympic Committee websites and analyzed by descriptive statistics. The results showed that the number of tests in 2005 (183337 cases) increased about 8.4% when compared to 2004 (1691187 cases). Also, the percentage of positive tests in 2005 (3909 cases) increased 34.4% when compared to 2004 (2909 cases). In two years, 6818 positive tests were reported. Most positive tests were observed in cycling in two years (1089 cases). Most Doping substances in two years were anabolic steroids (3055 cases), cannabinoids (1021 cases) and beta-2 agonist (990 cases). Totally, the results showed that use of Doping substance in World Sports is high and unfortunately is increasing every year. Investigations have shown that high effect of this substance, distribution of this substance and athletes' low levels of knowledge regarding this substance are the main reasons of Doping.

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of attitude towards agonistic sport on the amount of information about Doping and the desire to Doping athletes of national teams. This descriptive-correlative research was conducted in the form of field experiment. The statistical population of the present study included all athletes of national teams. The data collection was done using a questionnaire. The results of the present study showed that attitude towards agonistic sport is not significantly influenced by the attitude of Doping athletes of national teams, but it has a significant effect on the information of athletes of national teams about Doping. The findings of the study revealed that improving information on Doping would reduce the desire to dupe in athletes of national teams.

Background: Use of genetic Doping or gene transfer technology will be the newest and the lethal method of Doping in future and have some unpleasant consequences for sports, athletes, and outcomes of competitions. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) defines genetic Doping as "the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements, and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance". The purpose of this review is to consider genetic Doping, health damages and risks of new genes if delivered in athletes.Methods: This review, which is carried out by reviewing relevant publications, is primarily based on the journals available in GOOGLE, ELSEVIER, PUBMED in fields of genetic technology, and health using a combination of keywords (e.g., genetic Doping, genes, exercise, performance, athletes) until July 2010.Conclusion: There are several genes related to sport performance and if they are used, they will have health risks and sever damages such as cancer, autoimmunization, and heart attack.