Patellar luxation is a common orthopedic problem in Dogs. Both large and small breed Dogs may be affected; the disease may be seen in cats as well. Medial luxation is more common than lateral luxation and is usually diagnosed in Dogs of small breed. patellar luxation based on severity of occurred changes divided to 4 different grades. Patellar luxation is a congenital/developmental disorder, but it could be secondary to traumatic accident causing tearing or stretching of the joint capsule and fascia, leading to femoropatellar instability. Diagnosis is based on clinical evidence of patellar instability; however, diagnostic imaging is required to assess the amount of skeletal deformity and then the most appropriate method of treatment. Clinical signs of Dogs with patellar luxation can vary from animal to animal and are only partially related to the degree of concomitant skeletal deformities. Lameness may be intermittent or continuous, and usually is a mild-to-moderate weight bearing lameness with occasional lifting of the limb. Concurrent rupture of the CrCL has been reported in a study in 41% of the stifle joints of Dogs with medial patellar luxation. Surgical options include both soft tissue and osseous techniques, however, in most of the cases, a combination of more procedures is used to achieve the correction of the luxation. Complication rate is generally low and the most common complications include reluxation and implant-associated complications. Prognosis is generally favorable, with most of the Dogs returning to normal limb function. This article describes patellar luxation features in Dogs, including clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options available

Dogs have always served humans in hunting and guarding since thousands of years ago. In today's world, in addition to the aforementioned services, Dogs play an important role in such things as discovering drugs and explosives, finding survivors, routing, diagnosing diseases, etc. In addition, some people bring Dogs into their homes as a member of their family, provide part of their emotional needs with this animal, and treat some mental illnesses with them. Despite the expansion of relationship between humans and this animal, so far no independent research has been provided on the jurisprudence of keeping Dogs. In the present article, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and using library data, this result was obtained after examining the arguments presented by the jurists of different Islamic denominations that according to the first ruling, it is permissible to keep all kinds of useful Dogs and keeping non-useful Dogs is Makrooh, contrary to the famous views of jurists who consider it haram, and in terms of the secondary ruling, titles such as harm, resemblance to infidels, and health hazards can turn the first ruling into haram or makrooh.

This study was conducted to evaluate the onset, duration of action and potency of cis-atracurium in Dogs. Ten apparently healthy Dogs of various breeds were used in this study. The age and weight of the Dogs were 3.2 ± 2.4 year and 17.7 ± 4.8 kg, respectively. All Dogs pre-medicated with acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg and morphine 0.5 mg/kg. After induction of general anesthesia with thiopental, the Dogs were intubated and anesthesia maintained with halothane in oxygen. After reaching good depth of anesthesia, cis-atracurium were injected intravenously at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg and neuromuscular blockade (NMB) evaluated by counting visual responses to train-of-four (TOF) nerve stimulation on ulnar nerve. All four responses eliminated in 9 out of 10 Dogs. The onset was 4.8 ± 1.3 min and the duration of NMB lasted for 24.4 ± 9 min. The quality of relaxation was good according to surgeons. It is concluded that cis-atracurium is an effective neuromuscular blocking agent in the dog, although its potency varies slightly in different Dogs.

Objective: To induce experimental vesicoureteral reflux ir Dogs.Design: Experimental study.Animals: A total of 16 mixed- breed Persian Dogs with different sex.Procedure: All sixteen Dogs  evaluated for absence of congenital or acquired vesicoureteral reflux before study by cystography Vesicoureteral reflux induction was attempted in health) animals by ureteral unroofing (3-5 mm) without suture.unroofing (3-5 mm) with catheter as a cutting guide and suturing by silk, unroofing (3-5 mm) with catheter and suturing by nylon and unroofing (5-7 mm) with catheter and suturing by nylon. After ten days the reflux assessment was confirmed by cystography.Statistical analysis: Descriptive study.Results: Vesico ureteral induced refluxes in all four groups were variable (incision length, catheter as guide, Number and kind of suture material)but refluxes induced with 5-7 mm incision length and nylon suturing was excellent as compared with other three groups.Clinical implications: Cutting method with catheter and nylon suture material used for vesicoureteral reflux induction in Dogs, were preferred with special attention to be made to the length of cutting and the number of suture needed.

Objective: Clinical and radiographic presentation of a bone disease in young Dogs with no previous report from Iran.Design: Case report.Animal: five Dogs (4 males and 1 female) 8-11 months old.Procedure: Clinical and radiographic studies of the limbs with and without clinical signs.Results: Pain and lameness were the most common clinical findings in one or both forelegs without any previous trauma. Radiographic signs of panosteitis were observed as increased radiopacity in the medullary cavity of the long bones. Radius and ulna in all Dogs and hummers, metacarpus and femur in some of them showed the signs of disease.Conclusion: Panosteitis can be concern for small animal in Iran.

BACKGROUNDS: Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is a non-inflammatory and noninfectious disorder of movable joints characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and new bone formation around the joints. There is no comprehensive report about the prevalence of DJD in Dogs in Iran.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this radiographical study was to evaluate the rate of DJD and the influencing factors such as age, sex, breed and location of the joint in Dogs referred to the Radiology Division of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Tehran.METHODS: A total of 1896 canine cases were studied during a period of five years (1382-1386). Two hundred and thirty two cases were x-rayed with each having the problem of joint disease.RESULTS: Radiographic evidence of DJD was found in 21.12% of the examined Dogs. Degenerative joint disease of the vertebral column was diagnosed in 6.46% of all the cases. Degenerative changes of appendicular joints were found in 14.65% of the cases. The incidence of osteoarthrosis of the forelimbs was 47 % among cases with DJD of appendicular joints. The rate of osteoarthrosis of hind limbs was 53%. The highest rate of DJD of appendicular joints was seen in the hip joints (38.23%). This study demonstrated that radiographic changes of DJD were more discernible in large breed Dogs (34.56%), as compared to small breeds (13.63%) (p£0.002). While no sex predilection was found.CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that the probability of suffering from primary osteoarthrosis increased with a dog's age (p£0.01).

Objective: The liver has a unique location in the body for performing multiple functions such as, metabolism, detoxification and synthesis. There are limitation for liver transplantation due to shortage of available donors and requires for sophisticated technology and support surgical teams. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatocyte transplantation into the spleen of animal model such as dog to establish basic condition for further studies.Design: In vivo experimental Study.Animals: Five Iranian indigenous mixed breed Dogs of both sexes, 15.8±3 months old and 19.6±8.2 weighting were used in this study.Procedures: Ventral midline celiotomy was performed under general aneasthesia and liver sampls were obtained using suction technique by a 50cc syring and 14 gauge needle. Then obtained samples were injected into the same dog's spleen directly and also via splenic artery, the celiotomy incision sutured and the animal left to recover. On the16thpostoperative day, under general anaesthesia, the gross apearance of spleen were recorded and photographed and for histpathological evaluation, partial splenectomy was performed. The prepared sections were stained with Hemotoxylin Eosin [H & E] and Periodic Acid Schiff [PAS] and studied under light microscoy.Results: The gross evaluations of the removed spleen showed a whitish area at the injection site in all of the 5 transplanted Dogs, spleen vessels had been dilated and enlarged in diameter. Microscopically the groups of hepatocytes in the center of lymphoid follicles in the white pulp were noted.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Hepatocyte transplantation could be useful for both supporting an acute liver failure and for surviving as a bridge to liver transplantation in terminal liver failure.