Crown gall caused by Agrobacterium spp. has been observed in various crop species and in several provinces of Iran in recent years. In an attempt to identify the Agrobacterium species causing the disease in different areas of the country, strains were isolated from various infected crop species and characterized by phenotypic features, electrophoretic profile of cell proteins and BOX IR fingerprinting.On the basis of their phenotypic features, the strains were differentiated into three separate groups. The phenotypic characteristics of the first group of strains were closely similar to those of A. tumefaciens (Rhizobium tumefaciens). Members of the second group, isolated from infected grapevines were also identified as A. tumefaciens. Strains of the third group were phenotypically different from all described species, but appeared to be more similar to A. tumefaciens. These strains were not able to grow on any of the selective media tested and displayed a limited host range, infecting mainly sweet cherry All strains had a similar plasmid profile. The electrophoretic profile of cell proteins of the strains was different, although some similarity of the pattern was noted in the high-molecular weight region. In fingerprinting using BOX IR primer, a high level of heterogeneity was observed, nonetheless two major groups were differentiated. Phenotypic features appeared to be reliable criteria in identification of Agrobacterium species encountered in this study.

Verticillium dahliae is an economically important pathogen causing vascular wilt on more than 160 plant species. Most strains have a wide host range. Forty-five wild isolates of V. dahlia recovered from different woody and herbaceous plants throughout Iran. Genetic diversity of the isolates was assessed through vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) using nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants. Nit mutants were generated using water agar supplemented with 5-7% KClO3. Nit mutants from different isolates were used in all possible combinations. Three VC local groups were identified and designated as VCGA, VCGB and VCGC which correspond to VCG2B (88.8%) and VCG 2A (8.8%) and weakly to VCG2A (2.2%) Most of the isolates were assigned to VCG2B. The results indicated that genetic diversity of V. dahliae is very low and there were no relationship between VCGs and geographicalorig in of the isolates. Host specificity of V. dahliae using 18 isolates was determined on 11 different hosts plant species. Different plants reacted differently to the isolates and were divided into three groups: very sensitive (eggplant, pistachio, cotton and okra), semi-sensitive (sunflower, radish and rapeseed) and low sensitive (pepper, tomato, small radish and cabbage). Each plant species reacted differently to each isolate. Mint was less sensitive to the pathogen (5 isolates) than other plant species tested.

The present study considers assessment of morphometry and genetic diversity of 24 populations of Hypnea. Statistical analyses indicated that characters such as algal branching in habit, size of alga and Position of tetrasporange sorus had the most important role in intera-specific variation. In both morphometry and genetic diversity analysis, grouping of the populations separated the studied species into four distinct clusters and groups but populations were spread in clusters. Analysis revealed significant genetic difference among populations and some degree of genetic admixture and gene exchange among the studied populations.

The desert areas of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These areas can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the areas with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat areas with morphometric and geological diversity.

The biodiversity in Iran has raised difficult questions for researchers about how to understand and interact with this vast and rugged plateau. Furthermore, we are witnessing a separation of natural and social studies and research from each other. This divergent approach has made the aforementioned questions more difficult. Ethnic diversity is one of the important branches in social discussions that reflects the texture and composition of the community life on the Iranian Plateau. Considering the continuity of the natural and social domains, the main question of the article is: How can ethnic diversity, as a bioecological and territorial characteristic of the country, bring about social cohesion and territorial integrity? The main hypothesis is based on the reality of the connection between the natural and social spheres and the antiquity of life on the land. Thus, understanding ethnic diversity depends on identifying and analyzing the natural domain associated with it, namely habitat and settlement diversity. Therefore, the relationship between social integration and ethnic diversity is not possible without understanding ecological diversity. Considering the theoretical approach of the article, the research method used is critical analysis. It is hoped that conceptual openness will be achieved in the field of Iranian ethnographic studies and research by relying on a socio-ecological approach. Therefore, ecological diversity has been proposed as a conceptual basis for understanding the characteristics and changes of Iran's diverse land, especially ethnic diversity.

Since the evaluation of the diversity indicators in consumption of medicinal species by the beneficiary’s households and its driving factors is of utmost importance in marketing, multi-purpose planning of rangelands and sustainable development, a questionary-based study was carried out to determine the diversity indices of medicinal species consumption in settled nomadic communities living under different management and livelihood situations in the rangelands of Dyvaroeieh in Bardsir township, Kerman province, Iran. To this end, the medicinal species consumed by each household (as a study unit) in addition to the diversity indicators of consumption (i.e., dominance coefficient and Shannon-Weiner index) were evaluated under two management sites comprising Rangeland Management Plan (RMP) (i.e.,Dvyaroeieh 1) and the nearest adjacent rangeland without RMP (i.e., Dyvaroeieh 2, as control treatment ) and three livelihood levels (i.e., very poor (<50 million Rials monthly income), poor (50-100 million Rials monthly income) and moderate (100-150 million Rials monthly income)) under factorial test in SPSS software environment. The study's results revealed that both of management and livelihood factors can be applied by manager to increase diversity indices in medicinal plants consumed by beneficiaries. More specifically, management through RMP was more powerful and effective tool in this way. Therefore, it could conceivably be argued that RMP can be considered as a driving factor in increasing the diversity of medicinal plant consumption and also be a suitable platform to meet the needs and demands of rangelands’ beneficiaries in this field.

Living in the wide range of diversities and the recognition of these diversities is among the most characteristic features of the modern world. Because of extensive and permanent migrations and the extensive and international communications and the globalization of economic activities, more or less, every society around the world has become diverse and multiethnic society. On the other hand, if we define the function of police institution as establishing order and security in a society, it become clear that this institution must be accommodated to the emerging trends and circumstances of its society. Accordingly, in many countries and even in many cosmopolitan cities, charters and codes of conduct has been designed, so that their aim being as making smoother and more effective functioning of police institution. After a brief discussion on the meaning and the content of concept of diversity, in this paper, central and common themes of abovementioned charters and codes of conduct, which were proposed for more effective working of police in diverse societies, will be examined.