Pulses form stable dietary components for majority of population across the world. Different people consume pulses in different ways like Uncooked, Soaked, and cooked or only cooked without soaking. All these processing techniques lead to changes in the nutritional value of the pulses. Studies have also reported that in addition to nutritional components like Proteins, Carbohydrates, and fats, pulses also contain anti-nutritional components like Lectins, Tannins, and Polyphenols that greatly interfere with digestion of pulses in the human intestine. Hence in the current study a comprehensive review is being compiled to evaluate the nutritional and antinutritional aspects of pulses and effect of processing methods on invitro protein and starch Digestibility of the pulses.

In this study, chemical compositions of black seed meals samples were determined. 18 male weaning Zandi lambs with an average body weight of 23.5 ±1.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design in three groups of six in individual pens. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet with 12% soybean meal and without black seed meal), 2) diet containing 6% soybean meal and 9% black seed meal and 3) diet containing 18% black seed meal and without soybean meal. The concentration of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF, ADIN, and crude ash of black seed meal samples were 97.53±0.58, 31.26±0.99, 15.16 ± 0.61, 25.95 ± 1.34, 14.2±0.80, 0.69±0.04 and 5.07 ± 0.24, respectively. Replacement of soybean meal with black seed meal in the diet of experimental lambs had no effect on final body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, dressing percentage, tail and total body fat deposition. Albumin and total protein were higher for lambs fed by diet containing 18 % black seed meal compared to other treatments (P <0.05). However, the concentration of blood triglyceride, cholesterol and urea nitrogen were not differed between experimental groups. The Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat and protein were not affect by feeding of experimental diets. It seems that black seed meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs up to 18% without adverse effect on performance and nutrients Digestibility of growing lambs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the processing methods of sorghum grain and diet formulation on performance and nutrients Digestibility in broilers. Three hundred and twenty chicks at eight day of age were allotted into eight groups of four replicate with ten chicks per replicate. This research was conducted as completely randomized design arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment using formulation method (total vs. digestible amino acids), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 0 vs. 1%) and acid treatment (0 vs. 2%, acetic and propionic acid, 60: 40 mixture). Main effects of addition of PVP and acid treatment of sorghum and formulation based on digestible amino acids significantly improved feed conversion ratio and average daily gain during the finishing period (22 to 42 d. ) and the overall feeding periods (8 to 42 d.; P≤ 0. 05). Also, acid treatment of sorghum and formulation based on digestible amino acid significantly improved nutrients Digestibility during the finishing period (22 to 42 d. ) and the overall feeding periods (8 to 42 d. ) (P≤ 0. 05). Addition of PVP or acid treatment resulted in a decrease in the weight of pancreas (P≤ 0. 05). The interaction effect of PVP, acid and method of diet formulation was not significant on any performance parameters. The data showed that diet formulation based on digestible amino acid can be more advisable in comparison to sorghum grain processing methods. It can be because of no need for additional processing costs and having the same performance results.

In this study, five methods of OM and OM Digestibility of four rations were compared using sixteen Zel rams. Diets were: 1- alfalfa hay (ad libitum), 2- alfalfa hay and barley grain (60:40), 3- wheat straw and barley grain (60:40) and 4- wheat straw and barley grain (80:20). Diets 2, 3 and 4 were each offered at the level of 40 g DM/Kg W 0.75 The Digestibility methods which been conducted were total collection of faeces, lignin (as an internal marker), acid insoluble ash (AlA), chromic oxide and in vitro techniques for all rations, there were a significant different (p<0.01) between the DMD and OMD of total collection method and lignin, AlA and in vitro techniques. However, no signicant difference (p<0.05) were noted between the chromic oxid method and total collection method. for all rations, the recoveries were 88, 112 and 101% For lignin. AlA and chromic oxide respectively for all diets, a high correlation coefficient (r) was obtained between total collection method and lignin, chromic oxid and in vitro techniques. That is mean, lignin, chromic oxid and in vitro methods may be used to estimate the DMD and OMP of all ration; however AlA method can not be used to estimate the DMD and OMD af all ration.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutritive value of commercially processed cottonseed meals (CSMS) in IRAN. In exp.l, CSMS were compared for chemical composition, and then were determined for nutrients Digestibility and total digestible nutrient (TDN) by in vivo technique (total fecal collection method (TFCM) and mark in method (MM)) by taking into the experiment a total of four Afshari breed sheep. In exp.2, dry matter (DM) organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) degradability of CSMS were assessed by in situ technique for 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 47 and 72 h in three ruminally canulated wether sheep. In order to determine the disappearance rates in 0 h, samples were washed using cold water. Sheep were fed a total mixed ration containing 70% alfalfa and 30% barley based concentrate.DM and CP were corrected for the particles loss from bags. A completely randomized design was used to compare parameters. In exp.1, CP and cell wall (NDF) in CSMS were 25.47 to 31 and 26 to 34 percent respectively. Chemical compositions of CSMS other than NDF, were lower than tabular values of National Research Council in TFCM, the differences between means of digestible CP, digestible crude fiber and TDN being significant(P<0.05). In MM, digestible CP and TDN were significant (P<0.05). There was a high correlation observed between the two methods.Differences between means of DM and CP degradability as well as CP degradability, corrected for the particle loss from bags, were significant (P<0.05).CSMS widely varied in their ruminal availability of CP and DM. This study provides an estimation of kinetics of ruminal degradation of cottonseed meals for use in dynamic models of protein and carbohydrate digestion.

The objective of this study was to determine ileal Digestibility of amino acids (AA) of canola meal using the standardized ileal Digestibility (SID, ad libitum-fed), and a precision-fed ileal broiler assay (force-fed). For the SID, sixteen male Ross 308 broilers were fed a semipurified diet with 20% crude protein and containing canola meal as the only source of protein from 17 to 21 d, with ileal digesta collected at 21 d. For the precision-fed, sixteen (four groups of four chicks) 21-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were precision-fed by 10 g of semipurified diet containing canola meal mixed with chromic oxide, and ileal digesta were collected at 4 h post feeding. Then, ileal digesta samples were lyophilized, AA and chromic oxide concentration determined and standardized ileal Digestibility of AA was calculated. Results showed that Digestibility values for Lys, Val and His for SID assay were greater than precision-fed assay, and these values were greater for Thr, Phe and Asp for precisionfed assay than SID assay (P< 0. 05). There were no significant differences in digestibilities for other AA among methods. However, means of Digestibility were the same in two assays. The results of this study indicated that, although, in some cases, ileal digestibilities of amino acids were differed among methods for canola meal, however, there were no significant differences in ileal Digestibility of many amino acid values among two assays.

The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition and Digestibility of olive cake produced in Golestan province. Olive cake was air-dried to reduce its moisture from 60-65% to 10-15% for storage and then its chemical composition and Digestibility was determined using castrated sheep. For this purposes, 3 male castrated Dalagh lambs on the average 42±0.5 kg weight were used. Chemical composition of olive cake included dry matter (per cent), crude energy (cal/gr), crude protein (per cent), crude fat (per cent) and crude fiber (per cent) were 35, 3922.18, 7.69, 15.55 and 29.2. In addition, chemical composition of air-dried olive cake included dry matter (per cent), crude energy (cal/gr), crude protein (per cent), crude fat (per cent) and crude fiber (per cent) were 88.75, 3753.39, 9.5, 10.1 and 36.3. Results of apparent Digestibility showed that dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber were 13.28, 26.10, 74.67 and 28.7 percent, respectively.