Much importance was given to DRY DEPOSITION over the past few decades as it deteriorated the environmental conditions and resulted in subsequent health effects. This paper starts with an overall scenario of DRY DEPOSITION research; it focuses on: various particulate DRY DEPOSITION flux measurement methods, comparison of various published numerical values on DRY DEPOSITION velocity and factors controlling DRY DEPOSITION velocity. This work provides a technical overview to research studies on the current state of DRY DEPOSITION and limitations of various measurement methods. Relationship between DRY DEPOSITION flux and particle concentration is discussed with the help of previous works. Various mathematical MODELs used to predict DRY DEPOSITION velocity are discussed. DRY DEPOSITION velocity of particulates around the world is compared to gain perspective on factors influencing DRY DEPOSITION.

The Random DEPOSITION MODEL is the simplest MODEL for surface growth, where there is no correlation between the neighbor sites of the lattice. In the Ballistic DEPOSITION MODEL, the particles stick to the first neighbor particle; thus it is used to describe the DEPOSITION of the sticky particles. However, in many true-life phenomena involving surface growth, there is no adhesion. Instead, the friction between the particles leads to interlocking particles and the formation of porosity inside the growing bulk. Presenting a discrete 1+1 dimensional MODEL, we study this case. In this MODEL, if a particle is trapped between two other particles from right and left, it will stay in that position, as an equivalent for friction. The growth and roughness exponents are calculated, close to the Ballistic MODEL, although there is no lateral growth.

Introduction & Objective: Heavy metals are major pollutants that can spread in the atmosphere with particulate matter and dust and because of the toxic and carcinogenic effects, their measurement and control is very important. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess Co, Cr and Mn concentration in the atmospheric DRY DEPOSITION collected from Hamadan city in 2014.Materials & Methods: After collection of 12 dust samples from 3 sampling stations and their laboratory preparation, metals concentrations were determined using ICP– OES. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package.Results: The results showed that the minimum and maximum mean concentrations of Co were 0.19 and 0.29 mg/kg for high and low traffic intensity sampling stations, respectively. The min and max mean concentrations of Cr were 0.65and 1.02 mg/kg for high traffic intensity and suburb sampling stations, respectively and the min and max mean concentrations of Mn were 7.23and 8.82 mg/kg for high and low traffic intensity sampling stations, respectively. Also comparing the mean concentrations of assessed metals with WHO permissible limits showed a significant difference (P<0.05). The mean concentrations of metals were significantly lower than the maximum permissible limits.Conclusion: Although the mean concentrations of Co, Cr and Mn are lower than the standard levels, lack of continuous monitoring of heavy metals concentrations in the dust and particulate matters in the air can lead to the entrance of various types of toxic pollutants such as heavy metals into the air and result in adverse health effects.

Background and purpose: The atmospheric suspended particulate matter is a major route of human exposure to different kinds of environmental pollutants especially toxic heavy metals. The aim of this study was to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of cadmium in DRY DEPOSITION of atmospheric dust in Qazvin, Iran. Materials and methods: Glass traps were used for sampling DRY atmospheric dust. To determine the concentration of cadmium (Cd), the samples were injected into ICP-OES after preparation. Then, the risk of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity of Cd was calculated in children and adults. Results: The mean concentration of Cd was 0. 0164 mg/kg. Cumulative non-carcinogenic risk (HI) in all exposure pathways for children and adults were 2. 31E-4 and 1. 94 E-4, respectively. The cumulative carcinogenic risk (TCR) in children and adults were 4. 72 E-9 and 9. 21 E-9, respectively. Conclusion: The risk of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity due to the presence of cadmium in atmospheric dust and exposure in children and adults was found to be lower than acceptable limits. However, due to increasing air pollution in the future, it may cause harmful effects to the health of citizens.

DRY powder inhalers (DPIs) have attained considerable attention due to their propellant-free formulations and the patient’s inherent coordination with actuation. Generally, DPI formulations consist of a micronized drug alone or mixed with carrier particles. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of carrier particle size and weight fraction on aerosolisation behaviour of cromolyn sodium (CS). Pharmatose® 450M and Pharmatose® 325M, two commercial α-lactose monohydrate with different particle sizes, were blended in two different fractions (30 and 50% w/w) with CS. A low resistance device (Spinhaler®) and a medium resistance device (Cyclohaler®), were used to evaluate the effect of inhaler design on the DEPOSITION profiles of CS.The in vitro DEPOSITION of the formulations was determined using a twin stage impinger (TSI). Fine particle dose, fine particle fraction and emitted dose of the drug were depended to both formulation and inhalation devices. Fine particle fractions of the drug aerosolised from the formulations ranged from 9.35 up to 36.45%. The highest fine particle fraction was produced by formulation containing 50% Pharmatose® 450M as carrier. Cyclohaler® showed higher efficiency in aerosolisation of CS compared to Spinhaler®.

Dams are one of the most common structures to make a reservoir for water accumulation. Sediment DEPOSITION in reservoirs not only reduces the storage capacity of a reservoir but also decreases its useful life. Also, in many cases sedimentation creates problems for bottom outlets. In this study simulation of sediment DEPOSITION in Jiroft Reservoir is investigated with the aids of GSTARS3 MODEL. At first the measured data of Jiroft Reservoir are used to calibrate the mathematical MODEL. The Manning coefficient and the sediment transport equations are used for this proposed. After calibration, existing data are used for verification of the MODEL. Finally, the time variation of reservoir volume is calculated. The results showed that the mean annual volume reduction of the reservoir is approximately equal to 1.27 percent of initial volume. Also, the trap efficiency of the reservoir is computed and it was equal to 87 percent.