Background and Aims: Genotyping assay has been accepted as a guidance in the therapeutic management of Human Immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). But, it is not commonly used in our country due to its high running cost. The aim of this study is evaluate an in-house genotyping RESISTANCE test (GRT) for HIV-1.Methods: HIV-1 RNA of 20 samples were extracted from plasma and RT Nested- PCR was performed and the final products were sequenced. Stanford HIV Sequence Database was used for genotyping and interpretation of RESISTANCE data.Results: Subtype A was the dominant viral subtype in these patients. Also the results of DRUG RESISTANCE interpretation showed that DRUG-naïve patients are susceptible to DRUGs and for patients taking the DRUGs; 66.6% susceptible for AZT, 50% high- level RESISTANCE for 3TC, 66.6% low- level RESISTANCE for ABC, 66.6% susceptible for TDF, 50% high- level RESISTANCE for NVP and 50% high- level RESISTANCE for EFV.Conclusion: Our method is able to amplify and sequence HIV-RNA from plasma samples from a random selection of patients encompassing different subtypes. The results of this study may have important consequences for survey and clinical management of patients with AIDS in Iran.

Objective(s): RESISTANCE to antimicrobial agents, particularly metronidazole and clarithromycin, is frequently observed in Helicobacter pylori and may be associated with treatment failure. This RESISTANCE rate varies according to the population studied. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of antimicrobial RESISTANCE of H. pylori isolates from dyspeptic patients in Isfahan.Materials and Methods: Antral gastric biopsies from 230 dyspeptic patients were cultured. Susceptibility testing to commonly used antibiotics performed on pure cultures of 80 H. pylori-positive isolates by Modified Disk Diffusion Method (MDDM). Genomic DNA extracted and subjected for study of entire genomic pattern using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA- Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR). Results: The overall rates of primary RESISTANCE were 30.0%, 8.75%, 6.25%, 3.75%, 3.75%, and 2.50% for metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin, respectively. Multiple antibiotic RESISTANCEs were observed in 8 of 27 resistant isolates (29.6%) that mainly were double RESISTANCE with the prevalence of 6.25%. No association between antimicrobial RESISTANCE and either the gender, age or clinical presentation of the patients were detected. In RAPD-PCR, great diversity observed in 27 resistant strains isolated from different patients and this heterogeneity was not significantly different from susceptible strains.Conclusion: Primary H. pylori RESISTANCE to metronidazole in our population was lower than the developing world and even other parts of Iran, to ciprofloxacin was considerable in comparison with results in most other countries. Moreover, antibiotic RESISTANCE had no effect on genomic pattern of H. pylori isolates. Finally, pretreatment H. pylori isolates susceptibility testing is highly recommended.

Background: Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy extends life for persons living with HIV. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been rapidly expanding coverage around the world, including in Iran. However, ART DRUG RESISTANCE also rapidly develops with expanding use and limits effectiveness and treatment options. The aim of this study was to monitor the appearance of new mutations conferring HIV pretreatment DRUG RESISTANCE in the treatment of naï ve patients with HIV in Iran. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from ARV treatment‑ naï ve patients from 8 different provinces in Iran in 2016 for genotyping for DRUG RESISTANCE mutations. Results: Sequences were successfully obtained from 90 specimens. Of these, 2 (2%) mutations conferring RESISTANCE to protease inhibitors, 2 (3%) conferring RESISTANCE to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and 9 (13%) conferring RESISTANCE to non‑ NRTI (NNRTI) were detected. Any ARV‑ resistant DRUG mutation was found in 11 patients (12%). Conclusion: Nearly one in 8 ARV‑ naï ve patients had mutations associated with NNRTI RESISTANCE in diverse areas of Iran in 2016. Iranian ARV therapy guideline for HIV could consider non‑ NNRTI‑ based first‑ line therapies and expand routine DRUG RESISTANCE testing before treatment initiation as according to HIV DRUG RESISTANCE recommendations of the World Health Organization.

Background: Staphylococcous-related urinary tract infection is a common problem. Antibiotic RESISTANCE has been reported hereby, for which incomplete recovery has occurred. The present study was conducted in 3 university hospitals in Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences to determine the type of staphylococcous ssp and their related sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. Materials and methods: 467 patients referred consecutively for UTI, were included in this descriptive study. Our inclusion criteria were: positive urine culture for staphylococcous ssp and antibiogram results. To determine DRUG RESISTANCE, isolated staphylococcous ssp were exposed to 17 different antibiotics by disc diffusion technique. Results: Of 467 positive urine cultures, coagulase-negative staphylococcous was found in 77% and S. aureus in 23%. Staphylococcous ssp have shown a complete RESISTANCE to penicillin and amoxicillin. Cloxacillin and vancomycin have shown the highest and the lowest sensitivity (100% and 20%, respectively). Conclusion: With respect to the varied antimicrobial RESISTANCE, antibiogram seems to be of utmost importance. Thus, misprescription would be ceased and better therapeutic outcomes will achieve.

Context: In spite of all advancements in anticancer DRUGs, most tumors have been found to relapse and metastasize to other organs, causing RESISTANCE to therapy. It is believed that cancer stem cells (CSCs), due to their special properties like self-renewal and differentiation into heterogeneous cancer cells, could be involved in cancer recurrence and anticancer treatment RESISTANCE. Evidence Acquisition: Studies indicate that different molecular mechanisms like signaling pathways, cell surface markers, tumor microenvironment and miRNAs are responsible for DRUG RESISTANCE property of cancer stem cells. Hence, detailed knowledge of these mechanisms could be of help in finding an effective therapeutic strategy to target this group of cells in order to overcome the issue of tumor relapse and DRUG RESISTANCE Results: Taken together, cancer stem cells use various mechanisms to escape from immune system and other defensive obstacles like apoptosis to survive and induce DRUG RESISTANCE. This fact emphasizes the need for combination therapies in addition to targeting each aspect of these cells. Conclusions: It seems reasonable to conclude that finding effective ways to eliminate chemotherapy RESISTANCE needs more research and clinical trials in different cancers using various strategies targeting cancer stem cells’ properties.

Superficial dermatophytoses are among the most common infectious disease. The most commonly used antifungal categories reazoles, polyenes and echinocandins. Due to the limited number of available antifungal DRUGs, toxicity and the emergence of resistant (intrinsic or acquired) strains, antifungal strategy needs to be developed. Recently the researchers try to find alternative antifungal agents. This review emphasizes the action and RESISTANCE mechanisms to antifungal DRUGs, the search for new agents, DRUG-resistant genes, and the application of combination therapy and immunomodulators (using cytokines and gamma interferon which can provide novel insights to fighting fungal infections). A comprehensive review study was performed using the keywords including Candida, antifungal DRUGs and DRUG RESISTANCE in valid medical databases, mainly PubMed. Articles that were most relevant to the purposes of the study were selected and studied. Problems with antifungal RESISTANCE and the emergence of resistant strains of fungal has produced an enormous demand for new antifungal agents. The clinical complexity of patients with resistant mycoses prevents an easy approach to the detection, prevention, and management of antifungal DRUG RESISTANCE. Continuing investigation will illustrate the role of susceptibility testing for resistant mycoses and on clinical strategies used to fighting antifungal DRUG RESISTANCE in pathogenic fungi.