Background & Objective: Genus Salmonella has more than 2400 serotypes. The two major groups are S.enterica and S.bongori.Important serotypes are situated in S.enterica group. Antibiotic therapy in salmonellosis is restricted to typhoid fever and acute infections. After the first reporting of RESISTANCE in S.Typhimurium DT 104, nowadays, developing of RESISTANCE in Salmonella, specially, ESBL producing species is an important issue in salmonellosis. We evaluated serotyping, DRUG RESISTANCE and extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) in Salmonella enterica, collected from patients.Materials & Methods: We collected fecal samples in an 18 months period of time. Samples were cultured on selective, differential Medias. Serotyping was done with Biomérieux serotyping kit. After antibiogram, MIC was evaluated with E-test strips. By using ESBL disks in Double- Disk synergy method, ESBL phenotypes were distinguished.Results: We isolated 96 S. enterica serotypes, including: 35Typhimurium, 22Enteritidis, 11Typhi, 8Paratyphi B, 4Newport, 3Derby, 1Virchow, 1Infantis and 11untypable serotypes.36isolates were sensitive to all of antibiotics, but, in 60 isolates, there were at least one RESISTANCE. In 45 isolates there were Multi DRUG RESISTANCE (MDR) phenotypes. RESISTANCE to ampicilin was the highest percent, whereas, there was not any RESISTANCE to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. ESBL evaluation shown producing cefotaxime ESBL in 5 isolates and ceftazidim ESBL in 4 isolates.Conclusion: With furthermore epidemiologic studies on Salmonella serotyping and antibiotic RESISTANCE, using suitable DRUGs in treatment, we can restrict the spreading of resistant Salmonella (specially, species with animal source).

Background and Aim: Bloody diarrhea (dysentery) is one of the acute gastrointestinal diseases and Shigellosis is an important cause of it in our country. Variety of its causing agents (Shigella strains) and occurrence of DRUG RESISTANCE have made troubles in selecting of appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of shigellosis. The current study was aimed at identifying different strains of shigella and assessing their DRUG RESISTANCE in the urban and rural regions of Nehbandan.Materials and Methods: In this quasi experimental study 140 patients presented with acute bloody diarrhea referring to the rural and urban health centers and health houses of Nehbandan were studied. Their stool samples were cultured and underwent antibiogram tests after being carried to a Birjand medical diagnostic laboratory. Cultures were prepared according to WHO standard protocols on Eosin Methylen Blue (EMB) and Shigella - salmonella agar (SS) media. DRUG susceptibility was done using disk diffusion method. The obtained data was analyzed by Chi-square and Fisher test, and P≤0.05 was considered as the significant level.Results: 35 (25%) out of 140 patients were positive regarding shigellosis. The most frequent shigella serotypes were shigella Flexneri in 30 cases (85.7%), shigella Boydii in 4 cases (11.4%) and shigella Sonnei in 1 case (2.9%). All shigella strains were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid, but 85.7% to Cefixime. Only 20% of shigella strains were sensitive to Co-trimoxazole.Conclusion: According to the study, using Nalidixic acid is recommended as the first line of treatment in shigellosis due to low price, few side effects and availability in health centers.

The emergence of multi-DRUG resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has complicated treatment decision and may lead to treatment failures. In this study, we describe the trends of DRUG-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated in blood cultures from patients detected in a tertiary teaching hospital and evaluated the prevalence of RESISTANCE to amikacin, ampicillin, carbeni- cillin, cefixime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, imipenem, and trimethoprim/ sulfameth- oxazole in sixty-nine strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from neonates with septicemia in Kashan, Iran, from April, 2000 to June 2004. In assessment of the current breadth of multi-DRUG RESISTANCE in P. aeruginosa isolated from neonates with septicemia, 4.3% were susceptible to all studied agents, 10.1% were resistant to a single agent. Multi-DRUG RESISTANCE (MDR) isolates accounted for 73.9% of isolates. The majority of MDR isolates (41.2%) were resistant to three antimicrobial agents, which accounted for 30.4% of all isolates. Nineteen MDR isolates from fifty-one (37.3%) were resistant to four agents (19 out of 69; 27.5% of all isolates) and 21.6% to five agents (15.9% of all isolates). Statistical analysis confirmed that there were no significant differences between multi-DRUG RESISTANCE phenotypes of isolates with age, gender, gestational age, outcome of septicemia, and application of respirator in neonates. Continued local surveillance studies are urged to monitor emerging antimicrobial RESISTANCE and to guide interventions to minimize its occurrence.

Wheat yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. titici, is one of the most important and most destructive diseases of wheat in many parts of Iran, which decreases crop yield in epidemic years. Host RESISTANCE is the most economical method for the management of yellow rust and partial RESISTANCE (a type of quantitative RESISTANCE), proven to be more durable than other types of RESISTANCEs. In this study, partial RESISTANCE parameters including coefficient of infection (CI), final disease severity (FDS), relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC) and apparent infection rate (r) were evaluated in a set of twenty-four wheat genotypes along with susceptible control during two crop years from 2015 to 2016. The research was conducted at Allarough Agricultural Research Station in Ardabil, under natural and artificial inoculation conditions. Artificial infection of genotypes was performed using the yellow rust race population having virulence for Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr17, Yr22, Yr22, Yr23, Yr24, Yr25, Yr26, Yr27, Yr26, Yr27, Yr21, Yr21, Yr31, Yr32 and YrSU RESISTANCE genes. Seedling response was also evaluated under field conditions. The evaluation of RESISTANCE parameters showed that six lines were resistant at both seedling and adult plant stages. Eleven lines showed RESISTANCE reaction at seedling stage, but moderate or susceptible reactions at adult plant stage. Seven lines (entries; 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 16, 22) were susceptible at the seedling and had moderate (MR, M or MS) reactions at adult plant stages. Therefore, these lines having low values of different RESISTANCE parameters are likely to have varying degrees of partial RESISTANCE or high temperature adult plant RESISTANCE (a type of non-specific or durable RESISTANCE). Cluster analysis based on the reaction of seedling and adult plant, divided the lines into different groups, which also indicated a high diversity of lines in response to yellow rust disease.

Context: In spite of all advancements in anticancer DRUGs, most tumors have been found to relapse and metastasize to other organs, causing RESISTANCE to therapy. It is believed that cancer stem cells (CSCs), due to their special properties like self-renewal and differentiation into heterogeneous cancer cells, could be involved in cancer recurrence and anticancer treatment RESISTANCE. Evidence Acquisition: Studies indicate that different molecular mechanisms like signaling pathways, cell surface markers, tumor microenvironment and miRNAs are responsible for DRUG RESISTANCE property of cancer stem cells. Hence, detailed knowledge of these mechanisms could be of help in finding an effective therapeutic strategy to target this group of cells in order to overcome the issue of tumor relapse and DRUG RESISTANCE Results: Taken together, cancer stem cells use various mechanisms to escape from immune system and other defensive obstacles like apoptosis to survive and induce DRUG RESISTANCE. This fact emphasizes the need for combination therapies in addition to targeting each aspect of these cells. Conclusions: It seems reasonable to conclude that finding effective ways to eliminate chemotherapy RESISTANCE needs more research and clinical trials in different cancers using various strategies targeting cancer stem cells’ properties.