Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in both developing and developed countries. DRUG-resistant tuberculosis is an increasing health problem and serious challenge to tuberculosis (TB) control programs. Information about the susceptibility pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates against anti-tuberculosis DRUGs is an important aspect to TB control. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the frequency of DRUG-RESISTANCE and to survey the nature of DRUG RESISTANCE among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Ninety-one M. tuberculosis strains were isolated from sputum samples of patients referred to Cerrhapasa Medical Faculty Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey, during a 9 month period. DRUG susceptibility testing was performed to isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (SM), ethambutol (EMB) and rifampin (RMP) on Lowenstein-Jensen medium according to proportion method. Total RESISTANCE was identified in 40 of91 patients (44%). The highest rate of primary RESISTANCE was to SM (21.1 %), followed by INH (15.8%), RMP (5.3%) and EMB (2.6%). Secondary RESISTANCE was most frequent to INH (33.3%), followed by SM (28.6%), RMP (23.8%) and EMNB (14.3%). MultiDRUG RESISTANCE (MDR) was observed in 6 of the 91 cases (6.6%). Due to the high prevalence of DRUG RESISTANCE, particularly in developing countries, further studies should be conducted regularly to monitor RESISTANCE in these countries.

Background: Candida species are normal vaginal flora in healthy women, which can cause vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). The formation of biofilm is a cause of DRUG RESISTANCE in Candida species of vaginal origin. We aimed to specify Candida species cause VVC, detect their biofilm-forming ability, and antifungal susceptibility pattern. Methods: Overall 150 vaginal samples were collected from suspected cases of referring to Bahar Hospital of Shahroud, Iran between Jan 2018 and Jan 2019. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Chrome gar Candida and Corn meal agar (CMA). PCR-RFLP was performed to confirm the identification. Biofilm formation of the identified species was measured by the Crystal Violet method. The susceptibility to fluconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole was determined based on the CLSI document M27-A3. Results: Of 50 women (33. 3%) were suffering from VVC. C. albicans was the predominant species isolated in this study (n=39, 78%) followed by C. glabratia (n=11, 22%). In addition, in 25 (50%) of positive samples, biofilm formation was determined. The mean MIC of fluconazole and clotrimazole for C. albicans was 5. 02 μ, g /mL and 3. 92 μ, g /mL, respectively. Furthermore, the mean MIC related to these DRUGs for C. glabrata was 12. 45 μ, g / mL and 4. 1μ, g / mL, respectively. The mean diameter of miconazole inhibition zone for C. albicans and C. glabra isolates was 25. 13 mm and 24. 5mm, respectively and all of them were susceptible to this DRUG. Conclusion: C. albicans was the predominant Candida species isolated from patients with VVC and also was the predominant biofilm producer species.

Since 1950 with the extensive use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture industries, resistant organisms are growing. The rapid evolution of RESISTANCE has limited the duration of the effectiveness of specific agents against certain pathogens. It urges us to expand our knowledge of antibiotic RESISTANCE of different organisms in order to maximize continued efficacy of the antibiotic.Usage of appropriate antibiotic in every region depends on the results of antibiotic RESISTANCE of organisms in that region. In this article the results of 320 cases of positive culture and their antibiogram, from children admitted to pediatric and neonatal ward in Imam Khomeini hospital in 1381 is reported.Commonest organisms in blood culture were Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%), in CSF: Staphylococcus Aureus (30%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (30%), in urine: E.coli (60%) and in secretions Staphylococcus aureus (35%). Unfortunately because of irrational antibiotic usage, RESISTANCE to ampicillin (60-95%) and co-trimoxazole (55-100%) was very high. Also RESISTANCE to some other antibiotics was high.