Background: The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is rising in populations with western-style diet, rich in fat and PROTEIN, and low in fruits and vegetables. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the association between DIETARY PROTEIN intakes and the risk of developing incident UC.Materials & Methods: Sixty two new cases of UC and 124 healthy controls were studied. Information on usual diet was measured by country-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Group comparisons by each factor were done using χ2 analysis, significance level was set at a=0.05. Logistic regression analysis adjusting for potential confounding variables was carried out.Results: Univariate analysis suggested positive associations between processed meat, red meat and organ meat with risk of ulcerative colitis. Comparing highest versus lowest categories of consumption, multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis accounting for potential confounding variables indicated that patients who consumed a higher amount of processed meat were at a higher risk for developing UC (P value for trend=0.02). Similarly, patients who consumed higher amounts of red meat were at a higher risk for UC (P value for trend=0.01). The highest tertile of intake of organ meat was associated with an increased risk of ulcerative colitis with a statistically significant trend across tertiles (P value for trend=0.01) when adjusted.Conclusions: In this case-control study we observed that higher consumptions of processed meat, red meat and organ meat were associated with increased risk for UC.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding different levels of PROTEIN to black Baladi breed kids. Weanling Baladi kids (n=18; 75 to 90 days old) were selected and individually housed at our experimental farm. Kids were divided randomly to one of the three treatments for 12 weeks. The three DIETARY treatments were: T1: control ration, formulated according to NRC to cover the PROTEIN (level 1) and other nutrients requirements. T2: ration formulated to cover only 75% of PROTEIN (level 2) recommended by NRC. T3: control diet+2.4 g undegradable methionine (SmartamineÒ) /day/kid (level 3). Feed intake, initial and monthly body weights were recorded. Blood samples were collected monthly and analyzed for metabolites and Co, Zn and Cu levels. Decreasing the DIETARY level of PROTEIN (T2) negatively affected (P<0.05) the total live weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio when compared with the control and T3 groups. Moreover, treatment, time and time ´ treatment caused a significant change on Co concentration in blood serum with higher value at the end of the experiment. Treatments had a significant effect (P<0.05) on blood serum cholesterol and PROTEIN levels. Undegradable methionine supplementation (T3) significantly increased longissimus dorsi weight, fat thickness and omental fat%. In conclusion, feeding Baladi kids below the NRC requirements of PROTEIN negatively affect the growth performance and feed efficiency. The recommended PROTEIN level by NRC for growing kids cover the requirements of growing black Baladi kids for maximum growth and productivity.

PROTEIN and energy are the two major components of feed that influence performance of the growing and fattening lambs. Provision of the quality of PROTEIN in the lamb’s diet does not only improve the animal performance but also ensures profitable animal production. Different vegetable PROTEIN sources are used to formulate the rations for growing and fattening lambs. These PROTEIN sources differ in amino acid profiles which results in varied responses of the animals. PROTEIN source with a higher by-pass value have been re-ported to have more intense effects on N-balance, growth and muscle mass accretion than those which are lower in by-pass PROTEIN. Inclusion of PROTEIN sources with amino acid profiles matching closely to the amino acid needs of the growing lambs results in better growth performance and nitrogen utilization by the animal. Glucogenic amino acids present in some PROTEIN sources also improve the energy status of the animal by increasing gluconeogenesis. Presence of anti-nutritional factors may limit the inclusion of PROTEIN sources in the diet. Higher fiber contents like in sunflower meal adversely affect the animal performance by decreasing intake and digestibility. Canola meal has higher S contents that are available to the microbes at ruminal level to produce S containing amino acids. Furthermore, ruminal degradability of PROTEIN that is synchronized with carbohydrate digestion also results in better feed utilization and animal performance. So, a good PROTEIN source, regardless of its escape PROTEIN value, should have better amino acid and micronutrient profiles with safe levels of anti-nutritional factors.

The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effects of DIETARY PROTEIN supplementation in lactating dairy ewe’s diets on milk coagulation properties. Milk samples (n=126) were analyzed to assess the source of variation for rennet coagulation ability at the 6th (RCA6) and 12th hour (RCA12), milk clotting time (MCT, s) and an index of milk clotting time (IMCT, %). In addition, data were used to determine the influence of DIETARY PROTEIN source (sunflower meal (SFM) vs. rapeseed meal (RSM)) and lactating day (27, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 and 70) on RCA6, RCA12 and MCT. Eighteen early lactation (4-10 weeks) dairy ewes from the synthetic Bulgarian dairy population breed (SBDP) were allocated into two isonitrogenous (crude PROTEIN (CP)=18%, dry matter (DM) basis) DIETARY treatments (n=9 per diet) formulated to contain equal amounts of fibre, energy, PROTEIN digestible in small intestines (PDI) and Ca: P ratio. The rates of MCT (s) were measured as time from rennet addition to onset of rennet-induced gel. RCA values were measured subjectively based on a scale of coagulum characteristics (score 1-3). Results showed a significant effect (P<0.05) of supplement (RSM vs. SFM) on RCA6 and a tendency at RCA12 (p=0.10). The influence on MCT and IMCT also showed such a tendency (p=0.11). Studied correlations between RCA6, RCA12 and MCT values to diet supplements at different lactation stages (days) showed no strong relationships, but the directions and strengths were permanent over the evaluated periods. We can conclude, that the investigated parameters (RCA6, RCA12, MCT and IMCT) were affected by DIETARY PROTEIN source (SFM vs. RSM) in regards to firmer coagulum (RCA6 and RCA12) and shorter MCT for milk collected from ewes fed SFM vs. RSM based diets.

Sparidentexhasta is a beneficial and economical fish in the Persian Gulf that these years much attention has been paid to and is a good candidate for marine aquaculture in coastal zones of Iran. Optimal levels of DIETARY components ensure optimum growth and health of fish. In this paper, feeding the Sparidentexhasta with different levels of PROTEIN and amino acidwas carried out in order to investigate their effects on hematological parameters. After adaptation in 2 weeks by a lipid-free diet, the fish of (30 to 35 gr) were fed for 8 weeks by experimental diets in 300 L tanks (n=36). The fish were fed two times a day at 10:00 am and 17 pm with 4 PROTEINlevels (45%, 50%, 55% and 60%) that was repeated 3 times in 60 days. At the end of the experiment, the blood samples were taken by heparinized syringes. Then RBC and WBC were counted. Hematocrit, Hemoglobin and blood indices showed no significant difference in different groups. The results of hematological parameters showed that the used diet was in optimal condition for culturing Sparidentexhasta.

Introduction: Despite extensive studies on the relationship between diet type and its effect on horse biochemical factors, little is known about horse serum and plasma PROTEINs following changes in diet from forage to concentrate. Acute stage PROTEINs are a group of serum PROTEINs whose concentration increases in response to infections, inflammation, trauma, and neoplasia. Material & Methods: in this study, we evaluated the serum levels of serum biomarkers, fibrinogen as well as total PROTEIN concentration along with evaluating the nutritional behavior of horses when changing diets. Two different diets (forage (first treatment), mixed forage with concentrate (second treatment) were performed for each horse for fifteen consecutive days. Complete blood count analysis as well as serum levels of fibrinogen, haptoglobin and type A amyloid were measured before and after DIETARY changes. Results and Discussion: Serum fibrinogen, haptoglobin and amyloid A levels increased significantly (p <0. 05) in the second treatment group compared to forage and a significant change was observed in the complete blood count results in changing the diet from the first to the second treatment (p <0. 05). This can be due to the type of nutrition or acute inflammation caused by a change in the normal flora of the horse's digestive tract in the diet. Conclusion: These changes can protect horses' bodies from acute inflammatory and traumatic injuries.