In this study, acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity in bivalve Mytilaster lineatus exposed to DELTAMETHRIN sub-lethal concentrations in the lowest (0.5mg/L) and highest (1mg/L) concentrations, respectively, estimated 15.665±0.1291 and 11.912±0.4334mmol/min/mg protein. According to one way ANOVA results, enzyme activity in M. lineatus exposed to 0.5mg/L DELTAMETHRIN did not show significant deference (P>0.05); but when exposed to 0.75 and 1 mg/L DELTAMETHRIN significant effects was observed (P<0.05). At 0.75mg/L concentration of DELTAMETHRIN inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase activity was shown which was continued by further increment in DELTAMETHRIN concentration.

Background: DELTAMETHRIN (DM) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that can elicit neurotoxicity, and lead to apoptosis. There is accumulating evidence that oleuropein (OE) has anti-apoptotic effect. This study aimed at determining the DM toxicity and anti-apoptotic effect of OE pretreatment in cerebellar Purkinje neurons.Materials and Methods: Rats were randomly divided into four groups as follow: DM treated group (12.5 mg/kg; single dose), OE treated group (20 mg/kg per day), DM plus OE treated group, and vehicle group. Sections of cerebellum were taken 24 hours after DELTAMETHRIN injection and studied for histopathological and immunohistochemistry assessments.Results: Further characteristics of degeneration in Purkinje neurons were observed in DM group compared with DM plus OE group. Compared with DM group (9.56±1.69), the positive staining for Bax in Purkinje neurones decreased in DM plus OE group (2.99±0.50) but upper than OE (0.72±0.15) and vehicle (0.57±0.03) groups. Compared with DM group (0.50±0.05), the positive staining for Bcl-2 in Purkinje neurons increased in DM plus OE group (3.29±0.18) but lower than OE (4.38±0.80) and vehicle (5.87±1.93) groups.Conclusions: Our results suggest that DM induces apoptosis in Purkinje cells which is subsided by oleuropein.

Rotifers due to their relatively short lifespan, high fecundity and high rate of population growth are ideal for chronic toxicity tests. The aim of this research was to determine the lethal concentrations (LC50 24 h) of DELTAMETHRIN and imidaclopride and their impacts on the reproduction and growth of the freshwater rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus. Experiments were carried out based on the guidelines of the standard methods of OECD. Based on LC50 levels of pesticides, different concentration treatment groups designated and rotifer population responses in the five different concentrations of DELTAMETHRIN (0. 00, 0. 05, 0. 10, 0. 21 and 0. 53 mg L-1) and imidacloprid (0. 00, 6. 22, 12. 45, 24. 91 and 62. 27 mg L-1) were studied during ten days. The LC50 24h of DELTAMETHRIN and imidacloprid for freshwater rotifer determined as 1. 06 mg L-1 and 124. 54 mg L-1, respectively. The density of rotifers in all treatment groups of pesticides decreased significantly compared to the control group at tenth day (p<0. 05). The ratio of ovigerous females to nonovigerous females (OF/NOF) and the ratio of mictic females to amictic females (mic/amic) were significantly affected (p<0. 05) in all concentrations of both insecticides. The results of this study suggested that B. calyciflorus are severely sensitive to DELTAMETHRIN rather than to imidacloprid pesticide.

Background: Some mosquito species which belong to the Culex. pipiens complex are primary vectors for West Nile virus, Sindbis, Dirofilaria immitis, and many arboviruses. Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the volt-age-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene of Cx. pipiens that is inherited, is one of the important threats for the efficacy of pyrethroids insecticides. Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation, L1014F, is a well-defined mecha-nism of resistance to pyrethroids and DDT in many insect species. The aim of study was to determine the mechanisms of Insecticide resistance in this species Methods: Specimens of Cx. pipiens, the major vector of West Nile virus, were obtained in Tehran, Iran by col-lecting larvae from polluted wastewater in Qarchak of Tehran. In 2016 Insecticide susceptibility tests were per-formed according to WHO methods with DELTAMETHRIN 0. 05%. We focused on determination of this point mu-tation in the VGSC gene of Cx. pipiens by Real-time PCR. Results: Our results revealed high levels of resistance to DELTAMETHRIN 0. 05%. The lethal times i. e. LT50 and LT90 for DELTAMETHRIN were 2. 1530 and 8. 5117 h respectively. The result of Real-time PCR confirmed the pres-ence of resistant genotype in all the members of tested population. This study is the first report on kdr geno-typing of Cx. pipiens from Tehran and our results on the VGSC gene in position L1014F confirmed the TTA to TTT nucleotide change. Conclusion: This finding will provide a clue for management of insecticide resistance in mosquito which are vectors of arboviruses and decision for replacement of novel approach for vector control.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. has been developed resistance to many groups of pesticides including of pyrethroids. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of DELTAMETHRIN on the third instar larvae of six populations of the pest using leaf dipping method. The results showed that different populations had different susceptibilities to DELTAMETHRIN. At the LC50 level, the resistance ratios of the Urmia, Flaverjan, Karaj, Tehran and Naqadeh populations to DELTAMETHRIN were 20. 75, 21. 84, 2. 00, 3. 08 and 26. 26-fold. Resistant populations were selected for 15 generations and their susceptibility to DELTAMETHRIN was evaluated. Resistance levels were noticeably increased in these strains and equaled with 91. 87, 82. 84 and 70. 42-fold in Naqadeh, Urmia and Flaverjan populations, respectively. Although, DEM and TPP had no synergistic effect on DELTAMETHRIN, treatment with PBO significantly decreased the toxicity of DELTAMETHRIN in the tested resistant strains. DEF also exhibited a moderate synergism with DELTAMETHRIN. Enzyme analysis proved that the activity of monooxygenase and esterase enzymes in the resistant strains were much stronger than that of glutathione S-transferase. The results showed that the high resistant strain (Naqadeh) of P. xylostella selected by DELTAMETHRIN exhibited high cross resistance to hexaflumuron and indoxacarb. This strain also had moderate positive cross resistance to flubendiamide and thiodicarb.

Background and purpose: DELTAMETHRIN is one of the major pesticides used in agriculture to control pests. Oxidative stress is one of the DELTAMETHRIN toxicity mechanisms. Different antioxidants have been investigated to deal with the oxidative damage of toxic substances. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Salvia officinalis extract against DELTAMETHRIN-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and methods: In an experimental study, 30 Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6 per group); group I was the control, group II received DELTAMETHRIN (15 mg/kg), group III received both DELTAMETHRIN (15 mg/kg) and S. officinalis extract (100 mg/kg), group IV received both DELTAMETHRIN (15 mg/kg) and S. officinalis extract (200 mg/kg), and group V received merely S. officinalis extract. After 30 consecutive days, liver tissues were evaluated for the levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase levels and histopathological changes. Results: According to findings, Salvia extract could considerably reduce malondialdehyde levels, improve the glutathione peroxidase activity, and reduce the liver damage caused by DELTAMETHRIN. Conclusion: S. officinalis extract showed antioxidant properties and reduced the toxic effects of DELTAMETHRIN, so, it can be used as a strong antioxidant in preventing and improving the effects of DELTAMETHRIN.

Background: Iran is one of the countries implementing indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria control. DELTAMETHRIN (DLT) is one of the insecticides recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) for this program. IRS is currently performed in Sistan and Baluchistan province as an area with unstable malaria situation and the highest prevalence of malaria in the country. DLT has been used since 2003 in this area. The purpose of this study is to determine IRS status of DLT in malaria elimination program in this province.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data on workers, insecticide formulation, amount of used insecticide, the number of sprayed places, and spray coverage percent in a period of four years between 2008 and 2011 from six districts of the province were collected and analyzed.Results: IRS was implemented by two DLT formulations (WP 5%, WG 25%) two rounds yearly. Mean of coverage percentage was 85.12±2.47 on fixed places and 95.87±2.47 for temporary places. On average, every worker sprayed in each round eight hours a day (non-continuously) by 6 to 8 pumps containing DLT at 625 to 780 mg-Lit concentration. Thus, workers were in contact with high daily doses of DLT mist.Conclusion: Health system must provide suitable equipment and logistics support for spraymen’s health. Also, training workers would certainly be effective. Instructing and explaining the important role of IRS in malaria prevention to households can be effective in spraying coverage augmentation.

Introduction: Although the use of pesticides to control agricultural pests are the most effective, but its harmful effects on the ecosystem that can't be ignored. Therefore, to survey the effect of DELTAMETHRINe with widely used and vitamin C with antioxidant role in protective of it, were studied.Materials and Methods: 63 rats (Wistar) weighing 200±15 g were divided into 9 groups. groups include control (no treatment), sham 1 (received water), sham 2 were injected (20 mg/kg/b.wt) Vitamin C, 3 treatment groups, respectively (2.5, 5 and 10) mg/kg/b.wt of DELTAMETHRIN and 3 groups treated with the same doses of DELTAMETHRIN+vitamin C (20mg / kg/b.wt) injected intraperitoneal within 14 days. After 14 dayst, Rat's kidneys were separated, fixed in formalin (10%), slide prepared, staining and tissue change were studied with L.M. Obtain data were analyzed and compared by using SPSS, ANOVA and Dankan test (P<0.05).Results: The most of changes were respectively in diameter of Bowman’s capsule, glumerules and collecting tube in treatment groups. No significant deference was in all groups. The obtained micrographs confirmed the above results and induction of glumerules, cell destruction and tissue full of blood were observed.Conclusion: According to obtained results, the effect of DELTAMETHRINe on kidney tissue is low and Vitamin C with usage dose, didn’t protective effect. So the more caution is recommended for using this pesticide.

Dangerous effects of pesticides on human and environmental health, especially their role in food chains; are the most important reasons to doing this study. Hence, it is necessary to investigate these compounds in the environment, food and living body.In this Study sinceSeptamber 2010 to March 2011, sugar beet samples from five areas of Isfahan province had been collected (Isfahan, Borkhar, Semirom, Golpayegan and Fereydan cities). Samples analyzed by chromatographic methods to determine the residue of two pesticide (Chloropyrifus and DELTAMETHRIN) which had been used as usual pesticides in areas that are the main sugar beets producers for sugar factories in Isfahan province.In this study, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was used to determine Chloropyrifus and DELTAMETHRIN residues in sugar beets The highest amount of pesticide residue belongs to DELTAMETHRIN in Semirom and the lowest one was observed in Golpayegan. The amounts of DELTAMETHRIN residue in the collected sugar beets from Semirom were equal or higher than the maximum residue limitation (MRL) (0.05mg/kg). The amounts of Chloropyrifus residue in the sugar beets any areas not were equal or higher than the maximum residue limitation (MRL) (0.01mg/kg) and The highest amount of pesticide residue belongs to Chloropyrifus in Borkhar and the lowest one was observed in two areas of Isfahan and Golpayegan.