Background: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Determining the spectrum of echocardiographic abnormalities in these patients can help the prevention of mortality in this group of chronically ill patients.Methods: 123 adult patients with chronic renal failure who underwent hemodialysis and echocardiography during February till November 2006 were enrolled. Complete 2-D, M-mode, Doppler and color Doppler study were performed by a single operator for each patient and the abnormalities were recorded.Results: The mean age was 38.3±13 and 61.5 % were female. The mean cardiac dimensions were right ventricular diastolic dimension: 1.89±0.05 cm, inter-ventricular septal dimension: 1.3±1.23 cm, enddiastolic dimension: 6.1±0.6 cm, endsystolic dimention: 3.84±2.5 cm, ejection fraction: 59.2±11 %, left ventricular mass: 238±90 gr. The prevalence of LV systolic dysfunction (EF < 50 %) was 20.3%, valvular regurgitation > mild, mitral regurgitation: 52.8%, aortic regurgitation: 24.4%, and tricuspid regurgitation: 35.8%. Valvular calcification was seen in 14.5% of the patients but no significant stenosis was noted. The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (SPAP>30 mm Hg) was 14.7% and that of pericardial effusion (> mild) was 14.7%. Cardiac ejection fraction was lower in patients requiring more hemodialysis sessions (p value <0.036).Conclusion: Echocardiographic abnormalities are very common in patients suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD), so periodic echocardiographic examination for DIAGNOSIS and treatment of cardiac abnormalities is highly recommended.

Background & Objective: Reading and writing compulsion disorder is a type of compulsion which its main characteristic is rereading and rewriting. This disorder is experienced with a strong need for reading and rewriting during reading and writing. This type of reading and rewriting is different from frequent repetition which healthy persons do during reading and writing. The study method of students with text and writing compulsion disorder is extreme and exaggerated. Repetitive reading, doubt in learning the read concepts, continuous return and elongation of the time for determining the courses, as well as writing subject matters, again and again, consecutive clearing their writings are some symptoms of reading and writing compulsion disorder among the students. The persons affected by this disorder attempt to resist these exaggerated activities or delay them but they often surrender against the inclination to perform it. The adverse effect of reading and writing compulsion on the academic performance of students is significant. These effects include slowness in reading and writing activity, reduction of concentration, reduction of academic motivation and finally; Academic Procrastination. Besides increasing the academic problems, this disorder causes emotional and social issues in students. Of course, despite such vital effects, considerable activity has not been performed so far in respect of the study of the prevalence rate of reading and writing compulsion among Iranian students. It is evident that the appropriate and comprehensive statistical information about the prevalence of reading and writing compulsion disorder is the first practical step for on-time recognition of such students and the appropriate therapeutic interventions for prevention, treatment, and reduction of its side effects. Accordingly, the present research aimed to study the Prevalence rates of reading and writing compulsion and its relationship with the demographic characteristics of the students. Methods: This research was a descriptive-analytical study which was performed cross-sectionally. Statistical population of this research included all high school students of Babol city during the academic year 2017-2018. Out of this number, 398 students (229 boys and 169 girls who were studying in tenth (159 persons), eleventh (154 persons) and twelfth (85 persons) grades) were selected through relative stratified random sampling as the sample. In this study, the measurement tool was the researcher-made questionnaire of demographic characteristics and reading and writing compulsion scale (Emamgholizadeh, 2017). Reading and writing compulsion scale has 18 items with four subscales including rewriting, rereading, Perfectionist Slow reading and Over close reading. The minimum score obtained in this scale is 18, and the maximum score is 126 with the cutting score of 82. This scale enjoys the appropriate construct validity, and its reliability was 0. 84 using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. After extraction, research data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics parameters and chi-square test in SPSS software version 24. Also, the significance level was considered (P< 0. 05). Results: Demographic data showed that mean and standard deviation of the age students participated in this research was 16. 67 ± 0. 89. 398 students answered the reading and writing compulsion scale. Out of them, 86 persons obtained a score higher than the cutting point. Therefore; in this research, 21. 60% (%95 CI: 17. 48, 25. 73) of the students had the reading and writing compulsions. The prevalence rate of reading and writing compulsions in the whole boys was 20. 52% (%95 CI: 15. 18, 25. 86) and in the whole girls, it was 23. 08% (%95 CI: 16. 59, 29. 56). The result of chi-square test showed no significant relationship between the gender, education level of mother, education level of father, the order of birth, residential place (urban/ rural) and reading and writing compulsion disorder, but there was a significant relationship between the educational grade (P= 0. 024) and the age (P= 0. 024) with reading and writing compulsion disorder of student. Conclusion: Finding of this research were high in respect of the prevalence rate of reading and writing compulsion symptoms (21. 60%) and remind the necessity of paying attention to disorder at the school’ s level. It is hoped that screening, on-time DIAGNOSIS and timely action for treatment of the students affected by this disorder using the trained counselors and psychologists at the school’ s level will be addressed by the authorities.

Background: Despite of extensive global control programs of tuberculosis, the prevalence of this disease in underdeveloped and developing countries still remains high.Also the prevalence of latent TB infection in hospital staff has a particular importance.Materials and Methods: In a descriptive-analytic study conducted from March to June 2015 in Khorramabad Ashayer hospital on employees, after taking history and consent of the employees, a Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) was conducted and the results were read 72-48 hours later. Also to study booster effect in patients with negative TST, test was repeated one week later. The criteria for DIAGNOSIS of latent tuberculosis was tuberculin test with induration greater than 10 mm.Results: Totally of 160 women (7.71%) and 63 men (28.3%) with a mean age of 32.07 years old participated in this study. From 223 participants, 177 (71.7%) had indurations less than 5mm, 11 (4.9%) had indurations between 5-10mm, 20 (9%) had indurations between 10-15mm and 9 (9%) had indurations more than 15mm. In this study, among the sex, age, duration of employment, history of contact with TB patients and latent TB no significant relationship was found, but there was a significant relationship among the job, activities unit and latent TB.Conclusion: In this study, from 223 participants, 40 (18%) were infected with latent TB, which according to the number of positive smear patients admitted to this hospital represents a serious need for more comprehensive educational programs and prompt actions to prevent this infection.

Introduction: Spinal cord injury leads to increased incidence of urinary infection because of sensory and motor derangements as well as alteration in function of urinary system. Pathogenic factors vary based on differences in geographic regions. Urinary infection in the most common nosocomial infection and more that 80% of its cases are due to urinary catheters. In this study, bacteria causing urinary infection in spinal cord injured and hospitalized patients have been investigated. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive analytic study which was performed from 1384 to 1385, patients were divided into groups A and B. Group A consisted of 145 spinal cord injured patients who were unable to void bladder naturally and had presented to Al-Zahra hospital, Isfahan due to symptoms of urinary infection. There were 150 hospitalized men with urinary catheter in group B without fever or urinary symptoms at the time of hospitalization that developed symptoms of urinary infection after 48 hours of admission. After completing questionnaire, urine samples were obtained from each person according to bladder voiding method and quickly sent for analysis plus culture. Patients who had taken antibiotics within the preceding 2 weeks were omitted from study. For evaluation of pyuria in DIAGNOSIS of urinary infection, patients were divided into 2 groups, one with urinary symptoms and negative urine cultures and the other with urinary symptoms but with positive urine cultures. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version13) software. P<0.05 was considered significant and meaningful difference. Results: The age range of patients under study in group A was 34-54 and in group B was 40-58. There were 120 culture positive cases in group A. According to results obtained from culture of urine samples in spinal cord injured patients, the organisms isolated were E. Coli 64 cases (43.8%), Klebsiella 24 cases(16.4%), Enterococci 11 cases(7.5%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa to cases(6.8%), Staphylococcus aureus 5 cases(3.4%), Serratia 3 cases(2.1%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 2 cases (1.4%) and proteus 1 case (0.7%). Most of positive urine cultures were detected in patients who used indwelling catheters. There was a meaningful relation between pyuria and urinary infection (P<0.05). Results of urine cultures from hospitalized patients were as follows: E.coli 85 cases(56.7%), Klebsiella 24 cases(16%), Enterococci 15 cases(10%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa 12 cases(8%), Coagulase negative staphylococci 5 cases (3.3%) and 9 cases (6%) of Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia and Proteus.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the most common organisms causing urinary infection were similar in the two groups and included Escherichia coli, %), Klebsiella, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas in decreasing order of frequency. This similarity could lead us to similar approached to the two groups. One the other hand, colonization of nosocomial organisms in spinal cord injured patients, probably occurs because of repeated hospitalization and catheterization at hospital.

Background and Objective: Varicocele is cited as one of the most common treatable causes of male factor infertility. DIAGNOSIS of varicocele is based on physical examination and also sonography and venography. The aim of this study was to assess the consistency rate of clinical grading of varicocele and venous diameter in sonography.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 85 patients with symptoms of scrotum pain and fullness and infertility who referred to private office. Physical examination was performed on patients and the grading of varicocele was recorded. In sonography, their venous diameter in vasalva maneuver was measured by radiologist. Then sonography findings were compared with clinical grading.Findings: In this study a sensitivity of 94.7% and specificity of 64.9% in sonography were compared to physical examination, and positive predictive value was 68.6% and negative predictive value was 93.8% (p=0.000) and also there was a significant relationship between existence of reflux and increasing of grading of varicocele in physical examination with increasing of venous diameter. Mean venous diameter was 2.1±0.55 mm, 2.7±0.52 mm, 3.3l±0.38 mm and 3.8±0.45 mm in cases with no clinical varicocele, varicocele grade 1, varicocele grade 2 and varicocele grade 3, respectively (p<0.05).Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we can estimate grading of varicocele with knowing of venous diameter in sonography, and also sonography as an appropriate test for screening of the patients can be used.

Introduction & Objectives: Alopecia or hair loss is defined as the loss of hair on the head or body. Despite the benign prognosis of hair loss, it has a clear impact on the quality of life of the patients who are involved. There are many reasons to explain the pathophysiology of hair loss. Among many nutritional factors, vitamin D deficiency may play a role in hair loss too. Active vitamin D or 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D has an effect on the expression of some genes in normal differentiation of epidermal cells and hair follicles. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of vitamin D in patients with hair loss compared with healthy controls.Materials & Methods: From 2014 to 2015, 70 patients were enrolled in this case-control study. Including 40 women and 30 men, the mean age was 31.2±0.82 years in the case group, 33.8±0.92 years in the control group. Groups were matched by sex, age and season of review. In the both groups, there were 20 women (57.1%) and 15 men (42.5%). After the clinical DIAGNOSIS of hair loss by the physician, patient's blood samples were sent for testing vitamin D levels by kits of a laboratory center.Results: Patients, compared with controls, had lower levels of vitamin D and there was significant relationship between hair loss and low levels of vitamin D (16.188±6.91 vs 20.37±7.47, and P=0.04). Female patients had lower levels of vitamin D, compared with controls and there was significant relationship between hair loss and low levels of vitamin D (14.14±5.8 vs 18.74±7.08 and P=0.03). The group of male patients had lower levels of vitamin D, but in comparison with the control group, no significant relationship was found.Conclusion: This study showed that, there is a relationship between vitamin D levels and hair loss in women.

Objective: Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) is a frequent complication in patient with b thalassemia. It is believed to be a consequence of damage inflicted by iron overload. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance and its relation to predisposing factors. Subjects and Methods: A total of 195 transfusion dependent b thalassemia patients> 5 years of age referring to Ahwaz Thalassemia Research Center were prospectively interviewed. For DIAGNOSIS of DM and IGT the ADA and WHO criteria was used. Results: The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance was 19% (37 of 195) and that of diabetes was 16/4% (32 of 195).37 patients (19%) had positive family history of diabetes. In patient with serum ferritin above or under 2000 mg/l diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance were found in 49% and 20.8%. We found that in patients with large liver and spleen size prone to glucoseintolerance. Conclusion: The finding from this study showed that early and regular use of deferoxamine in b thalassemia patients with serum ferritin level above 2000 mg/l, liver and spleen enlargement and positive family history of diabetes, reduces the body iron burden and can help protect against diabetes mellitus.

Background and Aims: Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in the world, which is responsible for approximately 4 million deaths per year. Due to the fact that in diabetes, the transfer and oxidation of glucose is impaired and the heart muscle cells get the energy they need exclusively from fatty acids, the products of fat oxidation, including free radicals in the cell. Increased cardiac output and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress with impaired prooxidant-antioxidant balance leads to impaired redox signaling and cellular and molecular damage to tissue components. Therefore, the use of antioxidants such as thistle extract may play an important role in reducing the consequences of diabetes. Because antioxidants with different mechanisms reduce the severity of oxidative stress reactions and cellular effects and ultimately reduce the clinical problems caused by them [8]. The compounds in thistle extract may inhibit free radicals and their destructive effects; Therefore, prescribing Tribulus terrestris extract due to the antioxidant effects of this plant and also due to its effect in eliminating harmful metabolites in the body can be useful and effective in reducing the effects of oxidative damage [12]. Other treatments for diabetics include exercise and physical activity. But you have to be very careful in choosing the intensity and type of sports activity. Because physical activity may cause oxidative stress in the body, which can activate enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant components [13]. Given the importance of the heart in life, the negative impact of diabetes on individual and social life on the one hand and the role of oxidative stress in diabetes on the other hand and that a study on the effect of aerobic exercise and prickly pear on heart enzymes Has not, the present study seems necessary. Methods: The present study was an experimental study. For this study, 45 mice aged 6 to 8 weeks in the weight range of 200 to 300 g after entering the research environment and one week of familiarity with the new environment, were randomly divided into six groups 1) Sham group (5 rats), 2) Healthy control group (8 rats), 3) Diabetic control group (8 rats), 4) Diabetic group Received 10 mg per kg of extracts of perch body weight per day (8 Rat head), 5) Diabetic group aerobic exercise (8 rats) 6) Diabetic group aerobic exercise and receiving thistle extract (8 rats) were divided. Then 32 rats were injected with 95 mg / kg body weight of mice dissolved in nicotinamide saline and after 15 minutes 55 mg / kg body weight of STZ diluted in sodium citrate buffer with pH = 7/4 became diabetic subcutaneously. Rats in control groups received the same amount of buffer. Five days after injection, rats with serum glucose above 300 mg / dL were considered diabetic using glucometry. Rats receiving thistle received 10 mg of thistle extract daily by gavage [13]. After 5 days of familiarization, the exercise groups performed aerobic exercises on a treadmill at a speed of 23 meters per minute, 30 minutes per day, 5 days a week for eight weeks. The present exercise training protocol was implemented between 6. 00 and 8. 00 in the morning [16]. Also, to stimulate the mice to run, an acoustic stimulus (impact on the wall of the treadmill) was used. During the protocol, the control mice were introduced to the treadmill, one session per week, for 5 minutes, at a speed of 10 meters in a minute and with a zero slope, they walked on the treadmill. After 6 weeks, all rats were anesthetized with respiratory chloroform and histoplasty was performed and MDA, GPX and SOD levels were measured. Finally, descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc using SPSS / 21 software were used to analyze the data. Results: In the present study, it was found that a period of aerobic training and itching had a significant effect on the MDA of heart tissue in Wistar rats (F5. 42 = 49. 85, p = 0. 001). It was also found that between the healthy-sham control group (p = 0. 712), the healthy control group with aerobic training and thistle training (p = 0. 672) and the sham group with aerobic training and thistle training (p = 0. 329). There is no significant difference, but there is a significant difference between other groups. Regarding GPX, in the present study, it was found that a period of aerobic training and diarrhea had a significant effect on GPX in the heart tissue of Wistar rats (F5, 42 = 85. 36, p= 0. 001). The results also showed that there was no significant difference between the healthy control group with the aerobic exercise group (p = 0. 715) and Kharkhask (p = 0. 184) on the one hand and the sham group with the diabetic control group (p = 0. 995) but There is a significant difference between the other groups. Regarding SOD, in the present study, it was found that a period of aerobic training and diarrhea had a significant effect on the SOD of the heart tissue of Wistar rats (F5, 42 = 245. 68, p = 0. 001). The results also showed a significant difference between the healthy control group with the aerobic exercise group (p = 0. 115) and aerobic exercise and thistle (P = 0. 948) on the one hand and the sham group with the diabetic control group (p = 0. 995). There is no but there is a significant difference between other groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate the positive effect of aerobic exercise and thistle extract on the oxidative stress indices of heart tissue in diabetic rats. Various researches in this field have been carried out inside and outside the country and contradictory results have been obtained and different mechanisms have been proposed. But in general, it seems that in diabetic patients, regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can increase antioxidant capacity and increase resistance to oxidative factors [20]. The first mechanism that affects the indicators of oxidative stress following exercise is exercise status (type, intensity and duration of exercise). The results of previous studies indicate the role of endurance training and adaptation to aerobic exercise in significantly reducing the oxidative pressure of the heart, which was associated with increased levels of antioxidant enzymes [20]. Prolonged exercise counteracts this effect by increasing antioxidant enzymes and thus reducing the production of free radicals. Studies in mice have also shown that endurance training increases the levels of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in skeletal and cardiac muscle, thus providing protection against oxidative stress [21]. Many studies on the effects of exercise on oxidative stress have reported that acute and endurance exercise reduces the oxidative stress damage caused by exercise. [22] On the other hand, studies have shown that inhibition of oxidative processes in diabetic patients may can reduce the incidence and spread of DELAYED complications in these patients; Therefore, supplementation with antioxidants can be a good way to reduce oxidative stress and its side effects [23]. Also, the main chemical constituents of Tribulus terrestris include saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols and troestrosins E and A and the pharmacological effects of the fruit of this plant are attributed to these compounds. Researchers have shown that thrush can increase the level of non-enzymatic antioxidants in the body and intensify the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce lipid peroxidation [29]. Tribulus terrestris saponins have been shown to reduce cell damage by activating the PKC signaling pathway [31]. Also, some of the beneficial effects of this plant in the present study can be attributed to the effects of reducing its oxidative stress due to its antioxidant properties and strengthening the oxygen free radical scavenging system, which is probably very similar to vitamin E in this respect. The compounds in this plant purify various reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion (O2-) and hydroxyl radical (OH) [33]. According to the research results, the use of aerobic exercise can be recommended with confidence to reduce the negative effects of diabetes in diabetic rats, but in the case of the use of supplements, it is recommended to be taken in consultation with a physician.

In order to investigate some physiological responses and grain yield of five chickpea cultivars under different levels of moisture and salinity, two experiments (i.e. a pot and a field experiment) were conducted in 2012. In the pot experiment, effects of four salt levels (i.e. control, 50, 75 and 100 mM of NaCl) on five chickpea cultivars, i.e. Arman, Azad, Hashem, ILC-482 and Noorabad were studied in a 3-replicate factorial completely random design experiment. In the field experiment, responses of the latter cultivars to four moisture regimes (i.e. no irrigation, irrigation after 75, 100 and 150 mm of evaporation) based on evaporation from a Class-A Standard Pan were evaluated in a 3-replicate split-plot randomized complete block experiment. Data obtained from the pot experiment indicated that proline accumulation, Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ were increased, but K+ concentration, relative water content and plant dry mass were decreased with increase in salt level. Since cultivar ILC-482 tended to indicate a greater proline concentration, in contrary to a smaller Na+ concentration and plant dry mass, compared to the remaining cultivars, it seemed to be more tolerant to the salinity. Data from the field experiment confirmed that DELAYED irrigation leads to increase in proline accumulation and decreases in leaf area index, plant dry mass and grain yield. Irrigating chickpea after 75, 100 and 150 mm evaporation resulted in 1964, 1675 and 1503 kg/ha of grain yield, leading to 114%, 84% and 64% increases in grain yield, respectively, compared to the no irrigation control. Cultivars Noorabad and Hashem produced the greatest (i.e. 1610 kg/ha) and smallest (i.e. 1361 kg/ha) grain yields, respectively. According to the findings of this one-year field study, seeding cultivar Noorabad concomitant to irrigation after 150 mm evaporation could, perhaps, lead to a substantial increase in grain yield in Noorabad region of the Lorestan Province in Iran. Though, cultivar ILC482 tended to indicate a more stable plant dry mass, when subjected to different irrigation regimes and different levels of saline water.

Introduction: Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, accounting for 8% to 10% of all childhood cancers. Significantly, autologous transplantation appeared to have the largest impact on survival for the high risk subset of patients, such as those with N-MYC amplified metastatic disease diagnosed after age 2 years.Patients and methods: This study includes high risk, relapse, or refractory patients with NBL who underwent SCT from 1998 up-to 2009. There were nine patients with NBL consisting of seven males and two females. Among nine neuroblastoma patients who received transplantation, eight patients received autologous transplantation and one patient received allogenic transplantation of full matched sibling. The main conditioning regimen was CEM; consist of Carboplatin (400 mg/m2 for 3 days), Etoposide (200 mg /m2 for 3 days), and Melphalan (75 mg /m2 for 2 days). Patients transplanted after 2008 received 13-cis-retinoic-Acid 120-160 mg/m2/2 weeks in month, as maintenance from days sixty after SCT until one year.Results: Median age of recipients was 5.5 years (range: 4-8 years). All patients were in stage IV of NBL. The common pathological result was stromal poor. Primary involved site at DIAGNOSIS was adrenal gland in patients. The source of stem cells was Peripheral Blood in seven patients and Bone Marrow in two patients. The median duration required to achieving an Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) ³ 500×109/ml was 11 days (range: 8-14 days). The median duration required to achieving a platelet count of ³ 20×109/ml was 19 days (range 10-70 days). Six of nine recipients had relapsed. At present four patients are alive that one of them had relapse and three ones are in complete remission and all of them passed 250 days after SCT. Relapse was the only cause of death.Conclusion: Regarding to the studies we can conclude in Neuroblastoma patients Stem Cell Transplantation is better than chemotherapy alone, the allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation has no preference to autologous SCT and Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation is significantly better than Bone Marrow.