Desert pavement is prominent features of many geomorphic surfaces in arid and semi-arid lands of world and has a significant effect on soil conservation against wind erosion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to simulate the estimation of wind erosion in the surface of desert pavements in Bardsir district of Kerman using statistical methods. In this regard, the most important parameters of erosion of desert pavements such as total depositional weight, depth of deposition under 2 mm, depth of deposition over 2 mm, surface depositional weight, and surface coverage, along with 5 transects and 15 points via field sampling method were measured. Then, by analyzing them, simple and multiple regression analyzes were performed by analyzing and modeling the components. The results show that there is a maximum significant relationship between the depth of depositional components over 2 mm and the surface deposition mass for all linear, grade 2, and grade 3 relationships, which R square of the models is 0.918, and their Std. error of estimate is 0.182, 0.189 and 0.198, respectively. Also, the results of multiple modeling include the maximum significant relationship between total depositional weight, depth depositional depth below 2 mm, depth of deposition depth of 2 mm, and surface depositional weight with each other, with a coefficient of explanation of 1 and an estimated error of 0 000 on the surface and the level of significance is 0.99. Finally, in order to estimate the amount of erosion from the surface of the plain, models have been designed and presented as useful tools for environmental managers and planners, and represent the trend and behavioral pattern of the landscape of the desert pavements. The results represent the environmental management of desert pavement system from viewpoint of the condition and function of wind DEFLATION. It shows the present situation than the ideal and desirable situation.

Background and Aim: Some risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) such as upper respiratory airways abnormalities and obesity overlap with the risk factors for Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). In this study, we investiga-ted the prevalence of ETD in a population of patients with OSA.Methods: Tubal dysfunction was determined by tympanometry and inflation-DEFLATION test in 36 patients diagnosed with severe OSA and 20 nor-mal participants.Results: More than 80% of patients with OSA had concomitant ETD at least in one ear. Obese participants had a smaller tympanometric peak pressure (TPP) shift after inflation-DEFLATION test than non-obese subjects. There was no signify-cant correlation between TPP shift and duration of OSA.Conclusion: High prevalence of concomitant ETD was determined in patients with severe OSA and obese individuals. Tubal function tes-tis suggested in patients referred for OSA evalu-ation.

Study of environmental factors such as geographical and strategic situation, soil of the region, climate, water sources, and natural disaster such as earthquake, flood and outbreak of disease have had major influence in expansion and DEFLATION of Qazvin as one of the Safavid’s capitals which needed serious study. Therefore, the aim of this article is to study and analyze the role of these factors in various aspects. Qazvin is amongst cities which became important after being chosen as the Safavid’s capital. Meanwhile, splendid period of improvement and urban expansion began during Shah Tahmasb. But after half century despite attempts made by Safavid’s officials for urban development and prosperity, Qazvin could not change a lot. These reasons were environmental factors and natural disasters. Therefore, the capital moved into Isfahan during the reign of Shah Abbas I.

In drylands, both dust storms and ephemeral salt lakes (playas) are common. Observations using remote sensing and ground studies have shown that these playas can be major sources of saline dust storms. Some basins have recently become desiccated as a result of water abstraction by humans, and these have become significant sources of dust. The timing and amounts of dust emissions depends on such factors as rainfall and drought events, the availability of sediment, and the nature of surface crust materials.

Samples taken from lithological units and sand dunes in point grid, were analyzed through morphoscopic and mineralogical studies. The same-sized maps of sand dunes were then drawn by using statistical parameters of grains. Maps and distribution of statistical parameters show that grain size decreases from 0.37 mm in west to 0.18 mm in east through Erg. Also there is an increase in the degree of sorting and roundness in this direction. The coarsest particles are found in ripple marks as well as in sand sheets whereas nebkas contain the finest ones. According to the relationship between grain size and their transportation distances by winds, the first accumulation phase (D1) is 3 km far from the erg. Based 01) microscopically results, rock fragments make up 85%, whereas minerals makeup 15% of grains including quartz, feldspar and calcite. According to X-ray diffraction and Electron Microscope Scanning, quartz frequency relates to quartzose-sandstones, calcite: frequency's related to fleshed limestone with clay minerals having originated: from shale sources. In the second sedimentation phase (D2) or erg, 98.54% of sands have been transported through salutation, while only 1.2 %, and. 0.26% through suspension and creep processes respectively. According to morphscopic analysesby using binocular and SEM photos of quartz and results: from Friedman's Diagram, 80% of sands were shown to be transported by collaboration of water and wind, while only 20% by water alone. This indicats that water is an important agent in semi-arid bioclimatical zones. Finally, based on mineralogical studies, the most important sources of Shandan sand dunes are recognized as Saravan lithological units (ES3, ES4) as well as Zaboli lithological unit (EZ) with other units having little effect in sand production for the erg.

The aim of this study is to investigate hemodynamic parameters such as radial and longitudinal velocities, pressure gradients, and wall shear stress of blood flow through a time-varying radius tube with one end closed. Application of this research is in the intra (as AVICENA) and extra cardiac assist devices, in which their balloons can increase the blood’ s energy by its periodic inflation and DEFLATION and it makes the blood to be pumped strongly into the aorta. The equation is considered as a two-dimensional model with axial symmetry and analyzed as an analytical solution for aorta. This research shows the continuation of the numerical analysis of the intra-and extra-aortic cardiac assist device in the past papers of the authors in an analytical and two-dimensional model. Results show that the longitudinal velocity is increased as we move from balloon inlet to the balloon outlet along the length of balloon. At a specific time as we move from the balloon walls towards to the centerline of the balloon, the radial velocity of blood flow decreases. It means that the blood flow radial velocity at the centerline of the balloon is close to zero. Pressure is decreased as we move from the end closed to the balloon outlet. Although the wall shear stress increases during contracting of balloon, its value is less than that of existing in aorta, thereby concluding that the chosen-balloon properties may be appropriate to be used for the balloon implanted in the aorta.

Yardangs are one of the most amazing geomorphic features of Lut desert, Iran developed in alluvial deposits of Pleistocene. They appear as the streamlined hills that are separated by U-shaped troughs with a flat-topped. The study of Yardang’s morphometric parameters is important to define their morphological indices. In This study, we describe the morphology of Yardangs in the Lut playa, analyze the wind factor, and discuss their development processes. Up to 132 Yardangs have been identified and measured by linear sampling method along 9 transects (with 10 km length) located on digital elevation model (10´10 m) in the Global Mapper software. The obtained results of simple regression showed the central and the northern areas have the maximum correlation respectively between the width and length of Fardangs. The length-to-width ratio is close to 3.5:1. The Yardangs size and height in the center and north of the region are more than the southern side. This represents further evolution of Yardangs where exist in the south and side of region. Wind and water erosion plays a particularly important role in this process.

Background: Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (IVRA) is a well-known technique for producing analgesia during surgical procedures in the extremities. However, the rapid onset of pain following the DEFLATION of a double-cuff tourniquet during IVRA is a serious disadvantage, leading patient suffering.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a pneumatic arm tourniquet applied 2 cm above the double-cuff tourniquet in controlling the pain that occurs after its DEFLATION.Patients and Methods: Twenty patients undergoing outpatient hand surgery were operated on under IVRA, using 40 - 50 mL of a solution containing 3 mg/kg of lignocaine. A simple pneumatic tourniquet was applied proximal to the double-cuff tourniquet, 3 min before its DEFLATION, while the procedure was being conducted. The severity of pain on the basis of the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was assessed throughout the operation, and continued until an hour after the double-cuff tourniquet was removed.Results: The mean operation time after the DEFLATION of the double-cuff tourniquet was 20.12  6.1 minutes. Moreover, the mean NRS for the post-DEFLATION time was insignificant (NRS=2), and only one patient during first 20 minutes received opioids.Conclusions: This study showed that a pneumatic arm tourniquet as an adjunct to IVRA provides acceptable analgesia following the DEFLATION of the double- cuff tourniquet for relieving surgical pain.

Background: Intravenous regional block, called the Bier's block, refers to an analgesic technique applied for soft tissue surgeries and closed bone manipulations of the limbs. There are a number of complications in traditional method of block, including pain in tourniquet site, immediate return of pain after tourniquet DEFLATION, wound hemostasis and some others.Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes and complications of our new method of blockage.Patients and Methods: In this experimental study, twenty-five patients undergoing hand surgery were prospectively studied. Induced anesthesia was a modification of the Bier's block with two concurrent changes including insertion of the intravenous cannula at the antecubital region rather than distal and the proximal anesthetic direction by an elastic band wrapped tightly around the proximal forearm distal to the cannulation site. The pain relief was measured by the verbal descriptive scale at intervals after block, during the operation, after DEFLATION of the tourniquet and one hour after the operation.Results: This study showed the presence of analgesia at surgical and tourniquet sites during the operation in 96% of patients, as well as considerable pain relief at surgical site during one hour after DEFLATION of the tourniquet.Conclusions: The study indicated advantages of this modified Bier's block compared to the traditional one including ability to perform surgery on upper limb bones and considerable pain relief at surgical and tourniquet sites during the operation until one hour thereafter.