Background: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery is frequently used to manage anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. The non-anatomic positioning of the graft may cause graft failure. This study aimed at evaluating the association of the ACLR outcome with factors affecting the anatomic positioning of the graft, including the tibial tunnel, femoral tunnel, and graft inclination angles. Methods: A total of 37 patients, who had undergone ACLR surgery, were included in this retrospective study. All surgeries were performed by the transportal arthroscopic reconstruction technique. The tibial and femoral tunnel angles were evaluated on both anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs. Graft inclination angle was evaluated on AP radiograph. Outcome measures included: International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), the Lachman and the pivot shift test, and KT-1000 arthrometer score. Results: The mean age of the patients was 30. 1 9. 4 years. The ACLR surgery was successful in 36 (97. 3%) patients and failed in one patient (2. 7%). No significant association was found between the femoral/tibial tunnel angles and outcome measures on both AP and lateral view. A negative significant correlation was found between the IKDC score and the graft inclination angle (P = 0. 049, r =-0. 326), indicating that with graft angle between 20° and 36° , the more horizontal graft was associated with better IKDC score. Conclusions: According to the results, graft inclination angle, yet not femoral/tibial tunnel angles, were associated with the outcome of the ACLR surgery However, further studies are required to address the inconsistent results of different investigations.

Partially submerged propellers function in two-phase condition, i. e. each propeller blade enters water once in each revolution so the thrust and torque of each blade hit maximum level and then become around zero. Surface-piercing propeller investigated in this work is a new geometry that the main purpose of its design has been to achieve higher hydrodynamic performance; minimizing energy loss by reducing of the volume fraction of the water adhered to the exiting blade from the water surface. In this article, Reynolds-Averaged Navier– Stokes computations based on finite volume method (FVM) was applied to investigate force excitation, ventilation pattern and wake formation of the partially submerged propeller under inclination angle. Two-phase flow field equations were solved using homogenous Eulerian multiphase model by sliding method. To solve two-phase flow field at the free surface accurately and deal with free surface effects in calculations, CFX free surface model based on volume of fluid (VOF) approach was used. The accuracy of the numerical method was verified using series of simulations on SPP-841B propeller with existing experimental measurements. Comparison between simulated and measured SPP-841B open characteristics as well as ventilation pattern of the key blade indicated a reasonable agreement with experimental data and observations. Based on obtained data, with an increase in shaft inclination angle, propeller thrust and torque coefficients increased, whereas the propeller efficiency was decreased.

A two-phase closed thermosyphon is a gravity assisted wickless heat pipe. The condenser section is located above the evaporator, so that condensat is returned by gravity. In this project a two phase closed thermosyphon was designed and manufactured. An experimental investigation was performed in order to observe the effect of the inclination angle on the transport behaviour of a closed thermosyphon was performed in order to observe the effect of the inclination angle on the was used; this was electrically heated at the lower part ("heating zone") and it was cooled by air along the upper part ("cooling zone"). Between these two aneas there was the well insulated "Transport zone". As working fluid water was used the heating zone was always flooded. The electric heat input and the inclination angle F toward the vertical position were varied in steps. The maximum heat flow rate in the tube proved tobe dependent upon the inclination. With a largest value of Qmax=23w at 70-90 degree. An effective thermal conductivity keff of the thermosyphon can be determined depending strongly on inclination and heat flow rate so the steeper the tube value the larger the heat flow rate the higher is the effective conductivity. The condensations in the cooling zone exhibits the largest transport resistance. The heat transfer with boiling in the heating zone shows large local differences which depends on inclination.

Present study deals with the prediction of Crack initiation angle for mixed mode (I/II) fracture using finite element techniques and J-Integral based approach. The FE code ANSYS is used to estimate the stress intensity factor numerically. The estimated values of SIF were incorporated into six different Crack initiation angle criteria to predict the Crack initiation angle. Single edge Crack specimens of Araldite-Hardener were used for the present analysis. Load was applied up to critical limit of the specimens containing Crack at different angles of inclination. The Crack initiation angle obtained using stress intensity factor and J-integral based approach were found close to each other and also found to be in good agreement with the available experimental results in literature. It is also investigated that as Crack inclination angle increases material was found to behave in a brittle manner.

In the case of explosions and fires, the rocks undergo a cycle of heating and cooling. For that, first, they are exposed to considerable heat and then cooled after extinguishing the fire. Temperature variations and subsequent contraction and expansion affect the physical and mechanical properties of rocks. Through two series of tests, the effects of temperature and the number of heating-cooling cycles on the mode I, mode II and the effective mixed-mode I-II fracture toughness of Lushan sandstone were investigated. In the first series, the effect of temperature was studied in a heating– cooling cycle at ambient temperature (25° C) and 60, 150, 200, 300, 500, and 700° C. The highest and lowest mode I, mode II and the effective mixed-mode I-II fracture toughness were, observed at 150 and 700° C, respectively. In the second series of tests, the effect of the number of heating– cooling cycles was investigated on the mode I, mode II and the effective mixedmode I-II fracture toughness of sandstone specimens at 150° C (for hydraulic fracturing modeling) and a Crack inclination angle of 45° . According to the results, the mode I, mode II and the effective mixed-mode I-II fracture toughness increased in the first cycle and decreased with increasing the number of heating– cooling cycles. As the Crack inclination increased, the effective mixed-mode I-II fracture toughness of the sandstone specimens increased. The mode II fracture toughness increased up to a Crack inclination angle of 45° and then decreased. Moreover, the mode of fracture changes from opening mode (mode I) at the Crack inclination angle of zero degree to mixed mode (tension-shear) at the Crack inclination angle of less than 28. 8° . The mode of fracture changes from tensile-shear to compression-shear at the Crack inclination angle of greater than 28. 8° .

Acetabular cup optimum position is paramount for total hip arthroplasty (THA) good outcomes. Although controversial, Lewinnek proposed safe zone for cup placement still the most widely accepted target. Cup placement can be improved using specific anatomical landmarks, computer navigation system and handheld navigation devices. As using a smartphone on daily bases became popular among orthopedic surgeons, in this technical note, we describe how to use smartphone specific applications intraoperatively during total hip arthroplasty to adjust cup inclination angle, which we believe to be easy, cheap and beneficial for young less experienced surgeons.

In this paper, the effect of inclination angle and magnetic field in a two-dimensional porous cavity filled with Cu-water nanofluid has been studied numerically. The equations are framed using the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model. The control volume technique is used to solve the governing equations and SIMPLE algorithm is employed for the momentum equations. Comparison test was done with previous available literatures and the results are found to be in good agreement. The results are presented for different values of inclination angle(0o £ g  180o), Hartmann number (0 £ Ha£100), Darcy number (10 -5£Da £ 10-1) and solid volume fraction (0% £ ϕ £ 5%) while the porositye, Rayleigh number Ra and Prandtl number Pr are fixed at 0.6, 106 and 6.2, respectively.It is found that the influence of solid volume fraction is strongly affected by the presence of strong magnetic field and the inclination angle 90o in the porous medium.

In this paper, the effects of inclination angle and two different cases of movement direction of top and bottom walls of an enclosure on the nano fluid mixed convection have been investigated. In the first case, the natural and forced convection effects are in agreement, whereas in the second case they are opposed. Simulations have been performed for the temperature dependent as well as the temperature independent thermal conductivity and viscosity of water-Al2O3 nano fluid. The volume fractions of nanoparticles between 0 and 0.08 and the inclination angle of the cavity between 0 and 90° have been considered. To solve the governing equations, the SIMPLE algorithm and a finite volume based method have been used. The results show that by increasing the enclosure inclination angle, which enhances the forced convection, the three convective cells, observed at low inclination angles, change to one cell. The trend for change of average Nusselt number with increasing volume fraction is different for the temperature independent cases compared to that of the temperature dependen t cases. Therefore, in order to obtain accurate simulation results, the temperature dependency of the properties should be considered.

A case study is conducted to evaluate the photovoltaic (PV) performance in a horizontal and in an inclined PV solar thermal collector (PVT) for two different PVT geometries, the series flow and the parallel series flow. It is shown that the series flow gives a better photovoltaic performance at a horizontal PVT surface as compared to the parallel series flow. At a mass flow rate of 0. 03 kg/s and a zero inclination angle (horizontal PVT surface), the PV efficiencies are 14. 32% and 14. 25% for series and parallel series flow, respectively. However, for an inclined PVT surface, the parallel series performs better than the series flow. At a mass flow rate of 0. 03 kg/s and an inclination angle of 45 ° C, the PV efficiencies are 13. 76% and 13. 87% for the series and parallel series flow, respectively. It can be concluded that the inclination angle is one of the essential parameters that can be used to evaluate any PVT design and make better comparisons between different designs. It is also beneficial for the researchers and PVT product designers to know the effectiveness of their collector designs for cooling the PV panel at the early product design stage and to base on the optimum inclination angle of the region.