The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family violence against Children (Child abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of Child abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more Children) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, Children under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of Children and family violence was also defined as violence applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of violence has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against Children and family violence against Children. In other results, it was found that violence-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against Children and family violence against Children. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against Children and family violence against Children was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against Children and family violence against Children. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence and neglect against Children and family violence against Children.

Background & Aims: Child Abuse (CA) is a multi-dimensional damage which is emerged and intensified by several elements. CA brings about physical, mental, and social aftermaths for the Children and exposes them to several dangers. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between Substance Abuse and CA in Tehran.Materials & Methods: This study was conducted through a survey, and systematic random sampling method was used. The statistical population of this study was Child Abuse in Tehran in 2014-15. The sample population of this study was 273 individuals which were selected using Cochran Sampling Formula among the Child Abuse. The questionnaires were also analyzed after investigating validity and reliability of the questions.Results: The findings of this research showed that girls and boys are abused equally. Moreover, as the age of the Children increases, the possibility of being abused increases too. The most common insult was physical and physical-mental abuse. Most of the Children have experienced a combination of physical, mental, and sexual abuse and neglect. Also, findings of this study showed that addiction of the parents was the main element of CA (43% of cases); and there was a significant relationship between parental Substance Abuse and CA. Dependency to methamphetamine was the most common addiction compared to other drugs (83%).Conclusion: Considering these results, the necessity of multi-dimensional planning in individual, family, and social levels and in three preventive phases of first, second and third is needed for effective prevention and appropriate intervening on CA.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to Child labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of Child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards Child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and Child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in Childhood, Child labor as an income generating industry, Child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working Children, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working Children in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of Child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working Children, lack of proper organization and social support of working Children, Anonymity of working Children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, strategies, and consequences of violence in the lives of Child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 Child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of Child-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among Child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).

As a part of the human society, Children have formed the future generation of every country, and the Child's interaction with the surrounding environment requires his physical and mental development. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the environment that promotes mental and physical development of the Child. In order to check the suitable environment for Children, the initiative of the Child-friendly city has been taken into consideration. The general purpose of this research is to improve the status of two cities from the perspective of a Child-friendly city and to identify the appropriate indicators of a Child-friendly city and to make a comparative comparison in the two metropolises of Tehran and Isfahan. The current research is developmental in terms of the combined method and in terms of the goal, and it is based on library and documentary studies, field surveys and interviews. Yeoman-Whitney test was used to analyze the indicators. The results of the evaluation show that in the comparison of the two cities of Tehran and Isfahan in terms of the examined indicators (social and physical, economic, environmental, urban management and leisure), Tehran city in the variable of safety and protection with an average of 3.09 and Isfahan city in Participation and citizenship variables with an average of 3.22 have a favorable level. Although Tehran is in a better condition compared to Isfahan in other indicators, in general, both cities are far apart in terms of standard indicators, and suggestions have been made in this regard.

Background: Oral health has a very high impact on the quality of human life. There are many tools for measuring oral health, but more studies have been done in the adult population, while Children are more important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health index of primary school students in Nasrabad village (Gorgan) based on Child-OIDP index in 1397. Materials and methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 1397. A total of 192 primary and secondary school students were selected by census method. The place of study was Nasrabad village in the east of Gorgan. A Child-OIDP Questionnaire was used to collect data. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16 and taking into account the error coefficient of α <0. 05. Descriptive percentages and communication were used from inferential T-test and ANOVA. Results: 50. 5% of the population were girls. Tooth pain, tooth sensitivity, tooth decolorization, tooth decay and bad breath were one of the most severe cases that students expressed as a disorder in their daily functioning. 75. 5% of schoolChildren considered eating the most common problem affecting daily activities. 52. 1% of students were afraid of a visit to the dentist. There was a significant relationship between oral health index and students' educational status (P = 0. 000). Conclusion: This study showed the effect of oral and dental health on daily performance of primary school students. The effects of oral and dental problems were common. The effects were mainly eating and smiling.

Background and Objectives: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) is a polypeptide that 90% of it is secreted by liver. Cirrhosis of liver is a condition accompanied with decreased level of IGF-1, and with progression of the disease the level of IGF-1 may be further decreased. In this study the relation between the degree of IGF-1 and severity of liver disease on the basis of Child- Pugh and Model for end stage liver disease (MELD) score is investigated.Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 100 cirrhotic patients who were diagnosed on the basis of liver biopsy or clinical criteria, referring to the gastroenterology clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran during the years 2007-2008 were recruited. Laboratory investigations including IGF-1, CBC, liver Enzymes, Alkaline phosphates, serum Albumin, Creatinine, direct and total Bilirubin were carried out for all the patients. Similarly ultrasound for evaluation of ascites and endoscopy for varices were performed.Results: 100 cirrhotic patients with male to female ratio of 63 to 37 and median age of 44.4±15 years were enrolled in the study. This study showed a mean IGF-1 level (± standard deviation) equal to 91.5±92.5ng/dl. Fourteen patients (14%) had IGF-1 within normal limits while 86 patients (86%) had abnormal IGF-1 level. In all patients the correlation coefficient between IGF-1 and MELD was -0.317 (p=0.001) and correlation coefficient between IGF-1 and Child- Pugh was equal to -0.478 (p<0.001).Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that IGF-1 could be an index of severity of cirrhosis and can be used to determine the severity of the disease in patients, in particular, when liver biopsy is not possible.

2Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Various tests and questionnaires are designed to monitor the severity of asthma and help the therapist and the health system prescribe the best treatment to control it. This study was designed to compare two methods Asthma Control Questionnaires (ACQ) and Asthma Control test-Child (ACT-Child) in Children with asthma. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 92 Children with asthma referred to the Taleghani hospital, Gorgan, in 2022-2023. Patients were in a range of age 4-16 years. Asthma control was evaluated and compared by two methods ACT-Child and ACQ. ACT-Child included one version for 4-11-year patients completed by their parents and another one for 12-16 –year patients completed by the patients. The clinical symptoms, age, gender and the parents' records related to asthma were completed during the clinical interview. Data was analyzed using Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests. The degree of agreement between two questionnaires was determined using the Kappa coefficient. Results: 84 Children aged 4-11 years (91. 3%) and 8 Children aged 12-16 years (8. 7%) were included in the study. According to the ACT-Child, 40. 2% of Children (n=37) had controlled asthma, 44. 6% (n=41) had partially controlled asthma, and 15. 2% (n=14) had uncontrolled asthma. Based on the ACQ, controlled asthma was observed in 18. 5% (n=17), partially controlled asthma in 35. 8% (n=33), and uncontrolled asthma in 45. 7% (n=42) of Children. Asthma control results based on two questionnaires were significantly different from each other (P<0. 001). The agreement between the ACT-Child and ACQ methods in evaluating Children's asthma was at a weak level (P=0. 014, κ=0. 157), however, a significant negative correlation was observed between the scores of the ACT-Child and ACQ questionnaires (r=-0. 588, P>0. 001) which after categorizing based on age group, this correlation was confirmed only in Children aged 4-11 years (r=-0. 627, P>0. 001). Conclusion: Our findings showed that there is a poor agreement between ACT-Child and ACQ results in the assessment of asthma control. Further studies are recommended