Statement of problem: Cephalometric findings are of high importance in making decision about orthodontic treatment plans and orthognathic surgeries. Natural head position (NHP) is considered as a useful and exact radiographic technique.Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare two techniques, namely Standard and NHP, in lateral Cephalometry.Materials and Methods: In this cross- sectional study, performed in Shiraz. 138 randomly selected students (70 males and 68 females), age ranging (from (13-15), were evaluated clinically and radiographically. None of them had a history of orthodontic treatment, head and face fracture or surgical operations. Lateral cephalograms were taken in both standard and natural head position techniques, for each student. For statistical analysis, t-test for paired samples, was done. Results: This study showed that in anterior-posterior dimension, among angles with significant differences in two techniques, those of standard one were more reliable. Whereas in vertical dimension, statistical differences showed natural technique as more useful one.Conclusion: Due to the fact that natural Cephalometry requires more patient cooperation, more time and a higher complex technique. It is not suggested, except when different clinical and cephotometric findings are observed.

Background: A high percent of patients referred to orthodontic clinics have craniofacial asymmetry. P. A. Cephalometry is used routinely to diagnosie and provide a more accurae treatment planning.Aim: This research was designed to evaluate the efficacy of P. A. cephalo grams for assessment of craniofacial symmetry in a group of 9-13 years old Tehranian children.Material and Methods: Examination of 60 children was done byemployment of radiographs using NHP technique. As extra cranial true vertical & horizontal lines are not depended on craniofacial land marks the transverse dimension was measured associated with the symmetry in craniofacial complex.Linear & ratio, angular and even trigonometrical measurements of different areas were also used in the measurements of this study.Results: Findings of this research showed that P. A. Cephalometry and NHP technique could show the symmetry of the patients skull with 96% confidence.Conclusion: NHP Technique could improve the diagnosis ability.

Aim: Frankfurt horizontal and Sella-Nasion lines are the most widely accepted and used landmarks in cephalometric analysis. This study investigates the use of the Orbito-Condylion line extending from the Orbitale to the Condylion as a novel horizontal line for substituting the Frankfurt horizontal line. Similarly, the evaluation of the Orbito-Basion line as an alternative to the Sella-Nasion line in cephalometric analysis was done. We evaluated the reproducibility of the new horizontal lines and measured the angle between the Orbito-Condylion line and the Frankfurt line,and the angle between the Sella-Nasion and Orbitale-Basion line. Methods: This investigation was carried out on 30 individuals. The Porion, Orbitale, Condylion, Sella, Nasion, and Basion were identified and marked. The angles between the orbito-meatal line (inferior orbital rim to the Porion,the Frankfurt line) and the Orbito-Condylion line (inferior orbital rim to the Condylion) were measured. Likewise, the angles between the Sella-Nasion line (center of sella tursica to Nasion) and the Orbito-Basion line (inferior orbital rim to Basion) were measured. Results: Significant interobserver and intraobserver bias did not exist. The mean angle between the Frankfurt line and Orbito-Condylion line was 0. 5°, ±, 2. 27°,and the mean angle between the Sella-Nasion line and Orbito-Basion line was 3. 48°, ±, 3. 11°, . Conclusion: This study showed the new lines have good reproducibility, reliability, and efficacy. The Orbito-Condylion and Orbito-Basion lines are reliable, reproducible, and easily identifiable, and has the potential as novel standard horizontal lines to supersede or complement the Frankfurt line and Sella-Nasion line in anthropological studies and clinical applications.

Statement of Problem: Evaluation of skeletal growth which is necessary in growth modification and orthognathic surgery is usually done by using skeletal maturity indicators of hand and wrist radiographs. The use of growth stages of cervical vertebrae seen in lateral cephalometrics films currently has been suggested to avoid over exposure.Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the degree of agreement between hand and wrist bones developmental stages and cervical vertebral maturation stages.Materials and Method: The subjects of this cross-sectional study consisted 58 females and 61 males ranging from 8 to 17 years old divided into 10 groups. A total of 119 hand, wrist and lateral Cephalometry radiographs were obtained and analyzed. The hand and wrist radiographs were evaluated according to the Fishman system, which uses four stages of bone maturation found at six sites located on thumb, third finger, fifth finger and radius. Cervical vertebral maturation was determined from lateral Cephalometry radiographs based on a system developed by Hassel and Farman.Results: In all age groups, the skeletal maturity stage in the hand and wrist bones and cervical vertebrae of female subjects were ahead of male subjects. The Kappa test revealed a high degree of agreement between skeletal maturation indicator in hand and wrist bones and cervical vertebrae in all of the samples (d. of a. =0.846, p<0.001), females (d. of a. =0.791, p<0.001) and male (d. of a.=0.892, p<0.0001). The chronological conformity between 2 methods showed a high degree of agreement in all age groups except in 8 and 17 years old ages. The highest chronological agreement was seen in 15 years old age group, although the degree of agreement in 8 years old age group was low and in 17 years old age group was moderate.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, hand and wrist radiographs can be easily replaced by cervical vertebral maturation analysis for evaluation of skeletal developmental stage.

Background: This study aimed to compare the gonial angle and alveolar bone height changes between panoramic and lateral Cephalometry radiographic images in class II malocclusion patients before and after orthodontic treatment. Methods: The obtained radiographic images were selected from among 120 class 2 malocclusion cases. The gonial angle and alveolar bone height were measured in the midline and molar regions of panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs using the software tools before and after the treatment of patients. Study data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 21. 0), and a significance level was set to 0. 05 for all statistical tests. Results: Based on the results, no significant difference was found regarding the gonial angle before and after treatment on the right and left sides in panoramic radiography and the gonial angle changes before and after treatment in cephalometric radiography (P > 0. 05). However, the obtained results for posterior and anterior alveolar ridge height were significant in panoramic and cephalometric radiographs (P < 0. 05). Moreover, the comparison of the measured gonial angle values before treatment in panoramic and cephalometric radiography represented a significant level (P < 0. 05). Eventually, the statistical results suggested that the alveolar bone height differences between panoramic and Cephalometry radiography were significantly different in both anterior and posterior regions after treatment (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: The findings indicated that only measurements obtained from the panoramic radiography were valid for the gonial angle. However, panoramic and Cephalometry radiography procedures cannot be replaced for assessing the anterior and posterior alveolar bone height.

Statement of the Problem: Determination of remaining growth potential of patients is the most important factor in orthodontic treatment. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the correlation of clivus length and angle with age, gender, sagittal growth pattern of the jaws, and skeletal maturation using lateral Cephalometry. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 390 lateral cephalograms (Vatech, paX-i3D Green, South Korea) of patients aged 6 to 25 years. The patients were assigned to three groups of skeletal class I, II, III (n=130) with equal gender distribution. The clivus length and angle, Welcher angle, maxillary and mandibular effective length, sella turcica to Nasion (SN), and the angles between SN and point A (SNA), between SN and point B (SNB), and between NA and NB (ANB )were measured. Correlations of variables with age and gender, and cervical vertebral maturation stage (CVMS) were analyzed using the Pearson and Spearman’s correlation tests, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance. Results: Clivus length had a significant correlation with SNA (r= 0.103, p= 0.042), SNB (r= 0.108, p= 0.033), maxillary (r= 0.547, p< 0.001) and mandibular (r= 0.589, p< 0.001) effective lengths, SN length (r= 0.586, p< 0.001), and CVMS (r= 0.697, p< 0.001). Clivus angle had a significant correlation with SNA (r= 0.105, p= 0.039), SNB (r= 0.155, p= 0.002), maxillary (r= 0.507, p< 0.001) and mandibular (r= 0.596, p= 0.001) effective lengths, SN length (r= 0.566, p< 0.001), and CVMS (r= 0.699, p< 0.001). The mean clivus length (p= 0.006) and angle (p= 0.002) were significantly higher in males, and had a significant correlation with age (r= 0.636 and r= 0.718, p< 0.001). The mean clivus length and angle were not significantly different in class I, II, III (p> 0.05). Conclusion: All parameters were greater in males, and increased with age (except Welcher angle). Clivus length and angle had significant correlations with position of both jaws but not with sagittal relationship.

Schizophrenia is a sever psychological disorder. Because of intricacy and obscurity of the disease, various methods including Cephalometry, have been suggested for its diagnosis. The diagnostic value of Cephalometry is not well established. Therefore a case-control analytic study was performed to compare some cephalometric parameters (head form, face form and head circumference) between a sample of schizophrenic patients (n=196) and a normal control group (n=198). Two groups were matched in height, weight, sex, age and social level. The control group consisted of nonschizoprenic men and women with no family history of schizophrenia. Our results showed that there was no significant difference in face from between two groups. But the head circumference mean in case group was significantly less than that of the control group. Also hyperbrachiocephaly was more frequent in case group. Our results indicated that genetic factors may play a role in incidences of this differences. Also, these findings, might be used as a rough screening method.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of cephalometric measurements obtained from digital tracing software compared with equivalent hand traced measurements to determine the more accurate and useful method.Materials & Methods: Digital and analogue radiographic images of 30 orthodontic patients were obtained through Sandwich technique (a conventional radiographic film and a digital image are produced simultaneously). Fifteen cephalometric landmarks were identified and 10 linear and angular measurements calculated, both manually and with digital tracing software. Measurement errors were assessed for each method by duplicating measurements of 15 randomly selected radiographs using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. A paired t- test was used to detect differences between the manual and digital methods.Results: Differences between the two methods for SNA, U1-L1and Wit’s appraisal were statistically significant (P<0.05). In error measurements, an overall greater variability in the digital cephalometric measurements was found.Conclusion: The two tracing methods provided similar clinical results; therefore, efficient digital cephalometric software could be reliably chosen as a routine diagnostic tool due to its advantages (lower exposure to X-ray, image development bypass, image quality enhancement through computer).