In an anatomical study, we found several variations in the renal blood vessels. Thirty two male cadavers were dissected at the Department of Anatomy, school of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (1993-2000).These variations were as following: connection of azygos and lumbar ascending veins to the left renal vein and existence of two left renal veins in front and at the back of the abdominal aorta. We have also observed a single left renal vein in two cases. It was behind the abdominal aorta, between the aorta and vertebral column. The vein was probably pressed between vertebrae and aorta. Retroaortic left renal vein is a rare but an important variation. It probably causes an increase in the venous blood pressure.Retroaortic position of the left vein and some other variations as well as relationship of varicocele with retroaortic left renal vein are described in this article.

Introduction: The brachial plexus is responsible for the innervation to the upper limb and some parts of the thorax. Variations in the branching of the brachial plexus are common and have been reported in 65.3% of the population. The variations (Atypical communication) of brachial plexus have significant clinical and surgical importance.Methods: In this study 10 upper limbs which belonged to 5 adult human cadavers of known sex are used.Results: In the present study, three cases (in two cadavers) of 10 cases (in fi cadavers) have connections between the musculocutaneous and median nerve and seven cases are normal.Conclusion: Knowledge about the connections between the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve could be very useful in surgical operations on the humerus bone and shoulder joint. So, the more information we could collect about these structures and their variations, the safer the surgical operations could be done.

Background: Endoscopic sinus surgery because of its close relation with vital elements and complicated anatomy of the region, is a dangerous procedure. Initial Cadaveric study and attention to identical anatomic landmarks in the continuity with the visual endoscopic experience will pave the way in prevention of surgical complications.Materials and Methods: Forty Nasal fossae in twenty cadavers were dissected endoscopically. After fronto-ethmoidectomy, the distance between the anterior ethmoidal artery at the base of the skull and two identical anatomic landmarks was measured with colis.Results: The anterior ethmoidal artery was always present. The mean distance between the artery and the anterior turbinate axilla was 19.6mm on the right side and 19.98 mm on the left side. The anterior ethmoidial edge artery the middle turbinate axilla, and the superomedial edge of the nostril were in a straight line.Conclusion: In comparison between our results and the results of Chinese study (Lee etal). The distance measurement between the anterior ethmoidal artery and the anterior turbinate axilla is similar (20 mm) and should be more useful in the clinical setup.

Background: The lateral skull base lesions are one of the most challenging parts of the head and neck. Surgical approaches for this area are complex and difficult. Although endoscopic approaches in skull base surgeries have progressed dramatically in recent years, there are few studies concerning these approaches. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the endoscopic transcanal transcochlear approach (ETTA) to reach the internal auditory canal (IAC) in the Cadaveric temporal bone specimen. Methods: First, pre-and post-operative high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images of the transcanal transcochlear pathway were obtained and 3D segmentation was performed using 3D Slicer software. The anatomic landmarks were identified using the endoscopic approach with and without navigation guide. Surgeries were done and the feasibility and challenges were evaluated. Results: The internal auditory canal (IAC) was accessed via the ETTA. Anatomic landmarks were looked and a surgical corridor was identified with HRCT segmentations and images obtained during surgery. Conclusions: We tried to increase our learning curve and extend surgical experience in lateral skull base surgery via minimally invasive ETTA. The increased endoscopic skills and the use of auxiliary tools such as a navigation guide may be helpful for successful access to the lateral skull base.

BACKGROUND The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is one of the fasciocutaneous flaps in the thigh region based on the septocutaneous or musculocutaneous perforators derived from the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA). This Cadaveric study aimed to explore the variability of ALT flap anatomy. METHODS Ten ALT flaps were dissected (2016-20117, Mashhad Legal Medicine Organization) in 10 fresh cadavers (7 males and 3 females). Flaps were marked in a 15 cm area centered on the middle point of a line drown from anterior superior iliac spine to the lateral surface of the patella. Dissection began by searching the skin perforators and then continued along the pathway of the vascular pedicle. RESULTS The average distance of ASIS-Patella was 44. 6 cm. The mean number of skin perforators was 2. 4 (ranged from 0 to 4). In one case, we did not find any skin perforator. The majority of skin perforators were musculocutaneous from descending branch of LCFA (66. 7%) and the remaining were septocutaneous (33. 3%). The mean length of vascular pedicle was 10. 17 cm. The average diameter of vascular pedicle was 2. 78 mm for the artery and 3. 79 mm for the vein. The average time of flap harvesting was 85. 3 min (ranged from 50 to 125 min). CONCLUSION The skin perforators supplying the ALT flap showed significant variability in number, location and course. The Cadaveric study could enhance the anatomic knowledge and operative skills of ALT flap harvesting.

Introduction: Medical ethics and professionalism is not limited to clinical course. With theimplementation of vertical integration strategy in medical education in the 21st century, conceptssuch as professionalism, critical thinking, effective communication, collaboration and self-directedlearning can be educated in basic sciences too. Methods: In this review article, the key words "Cadaveric oath", "professionalism", "Cadavericdissection", "ethical considerations" were searched in the google scholar, SID, Pub med databasesin Persian and English and from 2002 to 2017. The 26 accessible full articles in this regard werestudied. Results: Dissection hall is the entry to medical profession for new medical students Thus, nurturing them with professionalism aspects must be considered. Typically, Cadaveric dissectionlead to direct perception and deep learning of structure of the human body that itself is afundamental for disease understanding and physical exams but attention to the ethical, human andemotional aspects of it often to be missed. Dignity and respect to cadavers Emphasizes humanaspects and therefore, this opportunity should be used to develop ethical attitudes, empathy, compassion and philanthropy benefited. A cadaver belongs to person that donated it to improve medical education and community health so students must respect the generosity and mercy andHonor the cadavers as the first patient and silent teachers. Conclusion: Holding formal ceremony such as Cadaveric oath at the beginning of course ormemorial celebrating and commemorating at the end of the academic year in addition to useteaching and evaluation methods of professionalism during course is recommended to promoteprofessionalism and medical ethics.