Purpose: Hydrogen peroxide is an unstable, colorless, heavy liquid used as bleach in industry and as an antiseptic in house holds. Teaching human anatomy, at any level, relies not only on the expertise of a tutor but also on the availability and use of good teaching aids. Plastination specimens have unique position as teaching aids to exhibit accurate anatomical structures and they are also easy to store and handle by students. Darkening of plastinated tissue is one of the problems that may occurr because dark tissue is unusable. We applied this survey to examine clearing of the hydrogen peroxide on posterior wall of trunk, spinal cord and medulla oblongata before Plastination.Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on a human body after fixation, dissection, dehydration and defatization of the Cadaver. The hydrogen peroxide was prepared in several concentration (33.3%,16.6%,8.3%,4.1%) was added to the specimen of master specimen at several times (1 ,2, 4,6,8,10,12,18 and 24 hours) for clarification. We choused (16.6% per 6hour) as the best situation for clarify of specimen. After clarification of original specimen, impregnation and curing was carried out. Finally, the prepared Plastinated specimen was compared with the standard Plastinated model.Results: The obtained Plastinated specimen was compared with the standard model of Heidelberg Germany for appearance and resolution. The plastinated specimen obtained was compared with the standard model of Heidelberg, Germany for its stature, flexibility and traction by the universal test DARTC (England) apparatus in the Department of Medical Physics, Isfahan School of Medicine. The result obtained was found to show that the P-value was. 08 and the standard error was (-0.460±0.382).Conclusion: The Plastinated specimen prepared, provides an excellent opportunity to demonstrate and study the dissected areas of the difficult structures which can be of great benefit in teaching gross anatomy and neuro-anatomy, In addition, because of the durability, safety, reduction intoxic and noxious fumes of formalin, the Plastinated specimens can be unique materials as a teaching aid by the side of (Wet) specimens.

Introduction & Objective: Kidney transplantation remains the most effective treatment for children with end-stage renal disease. We analyzed data from the University of Heidelberg transplant programme to present our results on pediatric kidney transplantations over the past 35 years.Material & Methods: From 1967 to 2003, 354 pediatric kidney transplantations were performed at the University of Heidelberg. Data were obtained from the pediatric kidney transplantation records consisting of 291 (82%) Cadaver and 63 (18%) living donated transplants. Demographic data, familial relationship of the living donors, surgical technique, immunosuppressive drugs, graft and patient survival rates were assessed.Results: The mean age of Cadaveric and living donors was 32.0±17.1 and 37.6±7.5 years, respectively.The familial relationship of the living donors included the mother in 65% of cases, the father in 31%, and other relatives in 4%. In the last 4 years, the respective mean cold ischemia time was 1.6±0.5h for living donated and 13.5±4.1h for Cadaveric donors. The mean age of children who received kidneys from Cadaveric and living donors was 11.3±4.5 and 10.4±4.5 years, respectively, with a male to female ratio of 57 to 43%. Overall patient survival rates were 95% after 1 year and 89% after 5 years. The patient 5 and 10 year survival rates for living donor renal transplantations were 95 and 95%, respectively. Graft survival rates improved since 1990 compared with the period prior to1990: 82.5 vs 56.7% graft survival at 1 year and 82.5 vs 50% after 5 years (P=0.03). Comparing the operating technique in a subgroup of our patients that received the same immunosuppressive regimen, anastomoses with the aorta and vena cava (51%, n=31) were associated with a graft survival of 86.6 and 83.3% after 1 and 5 years, whereas anastomoses with iliac vessels (49%, n=30) were associated with a graft survival of 55.8 and 51.6% after 1 and 5 years, respectively (P=0.01).Conclusions: There has been a gradual improvement in our paediatric kidney transplantation results over time. Living donor paediatric kidney transplants have higher patient and better graft survival rates than Cadaveric donor kidney transplants. Using the aorta and inferior vena cava for graft anastomosis, utilizing newer immunosuppressive drugs and implementing living kidney donation have positively affected the results of our pediatric kidney transplantations.

Introduction: Currently Fschemic Heart Diseases are evaluated by nuclear techniques imaging of mqocardical perfasion. Cardiologist with CPR instruments Should be Stated in all nuclear imaging Centers.Case Report: Our patient was a 56 years old woman with a history of hypertension and ischemic heart disease which was hospitalized because of acute pulmonary edema in a hospital in 2003. During hospitalization period her cardiac enzymes rose. Her lectrocardiograph showed left bundle branch block pattern and her Ejection Fraction in echocardiography was 40%. 2 days after discharge from the hospital according to her doctor advice referred to a nuclear medicine center for Dipyridamol Thalium Scan Perfusion test (SPECT) at 8.30 pm. During infusion of scan specific drug she complained of headache, cough and dyspnea which were relived with primary cares. During this period she was under observation of a cardilogist. After infusion she waited in the waiting room until the time of imaging. After one hour and a half gamma camera imaging began and at the 15th min of imaging process she complained of dyspnea and her respiratory rate began to decrease. At this time, 2 imaging technicians and one nurse which were available on her side beganprimary cardiopulmonary resuscitation and then she was transferred to the emergency center of a hospital. CPR continued and the patient was admitted to ICU At 1.30 Am of the following day she died at ICU and death certificate was issued for her at the hospital without biopsy.Following protest of her family, the case was propounded in one of the especial commissions of legal medicine organization and the final decision of the commission was declared as follows: The role of burden of disease in death of the patient: 75% The role of technical assistant of the institute in death of the patient because of not existence at the institute during the test ant not programming for attendance of a cardiologist during all phases of the test: 15% The role of cardiologist in death of the patient because of not following the patient procedure and leaving institute before the end of imaging process: 10%Conclusion: At the majority of cases, the only reason that causes our physicians in spite of their wisdom and specialty are found guilty in the courts is unawareness of their legal responsibilities. The other important point in this case is issuing the death certificate without referring the Cadaver to the legal medicine center for biopsy which could change the outcome of the court.  

Introduction. Kidney transplantation is the best and final solution for ESRD children. Many countries have programs for extending and improving the transplanted centers. Owing to the fact that we need to improve our transplanted centers, we evaluated the frequency of delayed and slow graft function (DGF and SGF, respectively), its etiologies, and the final short-term outcome of kidney transplanted children in a new established center in Isfahan, Iran.Methods. The data of 24 kidney-transplanted children under 18 years were collected between February 2002 and September 2008,. A phone call was made for each patient to reconfirm demographic data. Results. Thirteen patients (54.2%) were male and 11 (45.8%) were female. The mean age was 14.16 ± 2.72 years. FSGS was the most frequent cause of ESRD followed by renal hypodysplasia and SLE. Mean duration of dialysis before transplantation was 19.95 ± 18.82 months. Eighteen kidneys (75%) were extracted from living donors (mostly unrelated) and 25% from Cadavers. About 45% of the patients experienced some degrees of delayed graft function mostly due to ATN followed by acute humoral rejection. Five of them had slow graft function (starting kidney function in less than 7 days) and 4 patients had delayed graft function. Three patients had no graft function leading to nephrectomy. Only one of the nephrectomized kidneys was donated to a girl with SLE from Cadaver and the etiology of DGF was renal vein thrombosis. Two kidneys were nephrectomized due to technical problems. Kidney function of all patients with DGF or SGF improved in a mean time of 3.66 ± 1.1 days. The final glomerular filtration rate of these patients was 88.54 ± 6.83ml/min/m². Conclusion. Assessment of kidney transplanted patients is a main part of evaluating transplanted centers. It seems that a further revision of transplantation protocol and fluid therapy during surgery should be done.

Introduction. Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for children with end-stage renal disease. Here, we report the results of the patient and graft survival in children with renal transplantation in the most centers of pediatric transplantation in Iran. Methods. A total of 521 renal transplants had been performed and followed in transplant centers in Iran [Labafi-Nejad Hospital (290), Urmia university (80), Tabriz university (23), Jundishapoor university (35), Dr. Shariati Hospital (55), and Namazi Hospital (38)]. Results. The mean age of the patients was 12.7±3.45 years; 28 patients were younger than 7 years old; and 54.5% of our patients were female. Transplantation was often performed between 1998 and 2006. The most etiologies included inherited and structural renal disorders. In adolescence, glomerulonephritis increased progressively. A total of 27.5% of our patients were transplanted pre-emotively. The mean duration of dialysis was 12.7 ± 13.06 months; 94% of patients underwent hemodialysis; 11% of the donors had familial relationship with the recipients. The mean age of donors was 27.9 years; 79% of the donors were male; 5.2% of the donors were Cadaver. Delayed graft function occurred in 17% of the patients. The incidence of delayed graft function was declined by time. It was seen in 24.4% between 1983 and 1990, 20% between 1991 and 2000, and 9% after 2001. Acute rejection happened in 45% of our patients. The mean duration of acute rejection episodes was 1 ± 0.89. The episodes of acute rejection were declined by time. The incidence of acute rejection episode was 76.5% between 1983 and 1990, 52.6% between 1991 and 2000, and 30% after 2001. Mean time of follow-up was 53.9 months. Graft failure was seen in 29% of the cases. The most common causes of graft failure were chronic rejection, acute rejection, and delayed graft function respectively. Graft survival rate at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 14 years was 87.8%, 79.2%, 70.4%, 54%, 46.4%, and 39%, respectively.Conclusion. We showed that the acute rejection, delayed graft function, and the year of transplantation had significant relationship with graft survival.

Background and Aim: Early diagnosis of bone pathologic lesions is of paramount importance in enabling the clinician to provide immediate and appropriate dental treatment. Conventional radiographs have always been used as the primary and fundamental means of diagnosis, treatment and follow up of endodontic lesions. In recent years, digital imaging has gained high popularity for diagnostic purposes. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of digital radiographic imaging compared to conventional radiography in detecting mechanically created jaw bone lesions.Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on the lower jaw of a cow Cadaver. Mechanical lesions with different depths (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5mm) were drilled into the jaw with a surgical bur (021). A digital radiograph followed by a conventional image with E-speed film were obtained and the images were evaluated by five examiners. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test was used for statistical analysis.Results: According to the results of this study, examiners were more successful in detecting lesions with DDR than with conventional radiography. The mean value and standard deviation of detection score were 1.25 ± 0.98 for conventional and 1.85 ± 0.53 for digital methods. This difference was statistically significant. (P< 0.001).Conclusion: The adequacy of digital radiography in detection of bone lesions is much higher than conventional radiography. Digital images are recommended for diagnostic purposes.

Objective: Seeking for retinal-neural progenitor cells as a prospective therapeutic substrate for eye diseases, RPE cell cultures were established and treated with amniotic fluid (AF). AF is an organic pure composite having tremendous proliferative impacts on multipotent embryonic cells. AF effects on the cultured RPE cells were evaluated utilizing several methods.Materials and Methods: RPE cells harvested from neonatal Cadaver globes, obtained from Central Eye Bank of Iran, were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM):F12 supplemented with 10% FBS. In definite passages, cells were trypsinized and co-cultured with 30% AF (obtained from normal fetuses with gestational ages of about £ 12 weeks). AF inductive growth effect on RPE cells from different passages was assessed employing ELISA cell proliferation and cell death kit according to the supplier instruction manual (Roche, Germany). Retinal progenitor markers (Pa´6 & Ch´10) expression was assessed and enumerated through immunocytochemical analysis of RPE cells from passage 6, according to Santa Cruz protocol.Confirming the previous data, RNA extraction (QIAGEN, Germany), cDNA synthesis and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (Roche, Germany) were also performed.Results: ELISA assay represented a salient increase in RPE cells' growth rate cultivated in 30% AF, compared with those grown in the absence of AF. No meaningful disparity in proliferation rate was discerned between treated and control cultures. Immunocytochemical analysis exhibited nuclear localization of progenitor markers in a ratio of 33% and 27% for chx10 and pax6 respectively. This indicated a 3 fold raise in AF treated cultures compared to control cultures, Real-Time PCR data was concurring with the foregoing results approving the AF capacity of promoting progenitor cell propagation.Conclusion: The presented data imply the phenomenal influence of AF on RPE cells’ culture, indicating its qualified fitness for FBS replacement in the medium and its potential to induce RPE cells proceeding toward progenitor cells. These progenitor cells can be a convenient source for cell replacement therapy in retinal diseases.

The righteousness or unrighteousness of abortion is evaluated in this article. For a more précised look, this study has been performed in two separate domains: In the ancient tradition of Zoroastrianism which is a collection of the teachings of Zoroaster mixed with ancient mythical notions and perceptions and the other is the domain in which the pure teachings of Zoroaster which specifically have been passed down in Gathas or the holy songs of Zarathustra or Zoroaster. Abortion has been counted as unrighteous in the ancient traditions of Zoroastrian teachings, as this act is both a deliberate murderous act and it also pollutes the Earth with a Cadaver. However, in pure Zoroaster′s teachings, there is no direct mention of the legalities of abortion such as its righteousness or unrighteousness. However, what is quite fascinating in his teachings, is a profound outlook and a very ethical view towards human beings. The comprehension and realization of Zoroaster′s position towards abortion is possible only when one looks at this issue from the common sense prevalent in his teachings. Zoroaster sees the world as a pervasive battlefield between the bad and the good and he believes that the best deeds or actions, originate from Asha, which can be interpreted as righteousness, purity or chastity and the fundamental order governing the universe. In Zoroaster′s beliefs, all creatures of the universe, including man, are the creations of Ahura Mazda and they rotate around Asha in their self and therefore deserve reverence. In this system, the starting or departure point for the mien or manner of any human that steps in to this world, is nothing but virtue and purity; and (s)he is so free and unfettered that (s)he can egress its orbit around Asha, against it celestial self, and turn to evil and wickedness or vice versa and step onto the path of Asha and renovate or rejuvenate the universe by each deed. Therefore, one can easily see that in the views of Zoroaster, abortion is the destruction of a being of derive entity in his/her self that can widen the boundaries and strength of goodness in the world. This means that, in Zoroastrianism′s outlook abortion swings between two boundaries: Either an innately celestial being has been murdered or a being, which according to his/her innate, could have become more celestial, which both acts are obscene and denounced. According to these statements, in Zoroaster′s teachings there is always a recommendation to the application of the principles of rationality in all matters, which based on this rationality one can allow abortion under some circumstances that are indicated by the achievements of science. In other words, in Zoroastrian′ s religion outlooks, whenever the contemporary science indicates an action, we should  follow that and it is not approved to evade it, by excuses such as commitment to (unwise and insensible) traditions.

Introduction: Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) is so sensitive to intercompetition especially with weed species. Weed management is an essential factor for the success of an agricultural production system. The use of high competitiveness figures is one of these approaches. Another way to manage properly is just to reduce herbicide dose using through the mixed herbicides in crops. By intercropping, filling the empty space prevents weed development in the area. Mixing or simultaneous cultivation of two or more species in one plot of land is one of the oldest agricultural systems in the world. Planting density is another important factor in determining plant yield. Planting density not only determines competition for light and nutrients, but also controls the distribution and allocation of dry matter between plant organs. The studies showed that by increasing bean planting density from 20 to 30 and 40 plants m2, yield increased by 15. 4% and 24. 7%, respectively, and the weed biomass also increased by a density of 20 to 40 by 30 percent. The use of high competitive cultivars and increasing planting density are the main strategies to increase the competitive ability of beans against weeds. This study was carried out to investigate the methods of pure and mixed cultivation of bean cultivars with different densities for their effect on reduction of bentazone herbicide dose, weed control and crop yield. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of planting density and reducing herbicide doses on weeds biomass and crop yield in pure and mixed cultivation of red bean cultivars, a field experiment was carried out at Agronomy Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2013-2014. A factorial experiment (with three factors) was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 4 replications. Experimental treatments including bean planting densities in three levels consisting of optimum density (Goli 40 and Akhtar 50 /m2), 20 and 40 % higher than the optimum density of both Akhtar and Goli cultivars, and Bentazone herbicide concentrations (0, 50 and 100 %) based on the recommended dose (2. 5 liters per hectare), and separate and mixed cultivation of Akhtar (standing) and Goli (ascending) cultivars were performed in rows (1: 1). Weed biomass was evaluated every two weeks after spraying by 100*25 cm2 Cadaver from two middle rows. At the end of the growing season, a 1*1 m2 staff was used to determine the performance. Data were analyzed by SAS 9. 1 software and averages were compared with the LSD test at 5% probability level and the graphs were analyzed using SigmaPlot 12. 0 software. Results and Discussion: The results showed that for the weed biomass, the mixed cultivation of Akhtar and Goli cultivars was more than pure cultivation due to its success in suppressing high competitive weeds through rapid space cover, which can be attributed to this feature. It was used to reduce the herbicide dose. Also, the highest and lowest grain yield (respectively 463 and 132 g/m2) were found for the pure cultivation of Akhtar cultivar at concentration of 100 and 0 % herbicide, respectively. However, in flowering and mixed cultivars, the highest grain yield was observed at 372. 2 and 341. 3 g/m2, at 50% herbicide concentration, which was also observed in biological yield. Results of interaction effect showed that the highest biological yield in intercropping (1166 g/m2) was observed for 50% herbicide concentration and 40% planting density. It can be, therefore, concluded that reduced doses of herbicides can only be used if the crop has high competitive ability and planting density is increased, which can reduce the competitive ability of weeds. The use of high competitive crops and increased density of crops have the greatest potential in suppressing weeds and reducing herbicide dosage. The previous studies also showed that limiting bean growth leads to a decrease in leaf area index and bean growth rate, which in turn reduces its competitiveness against weeds. Conclusion: The use of high-strength cultivars in mixed cultivation due to their overlap, space conquest, and ability to compete with weeds along with increased plant density has a high potential for weed suppression and can be used in other ways to reduce herbicide dose. The results of this experiment showed that there was no significant difference between biological yield at 50% and 100% herbicide concentrations in the mixed cultivation and the highest biological yield was observed in the mixed cultivation.

The aim of this study was to prepare liposomes of acyclovir (ACY) by thin layer evaporation (TLE) and reverse phase evaporation (REV) methods. Twenty-seven batches of liposomes from each method were prepared using technique of three variables at three levels (33) factorial design. Drug/Lipid (molar ratio), hydration volume and hydration time were considered three independent variables in TLE method while that of Drug/Lipid (molar ratio), organic phase volume and aqueous phase volume in REV method. Liposomes, obtained by TLE method (TLEs) and REV method (REVs) were evaluated for geometric mean diameter, and percent drug entrapment (PDE). REVs of 3.5 (2.3) mm with 77.2% and of 3.4 (2.2) mm with 71.1% drug entrapment was obtained with Drug/PC/CHOL (in molar ratio) of 1:4:0.5 and 1:2:0.5 respectively while TLEs of 4.3 (1.7) mm with 79.5% drug entrapment was obtained with Drug/PC/CHOL (in molar ratio) of 1:20:10. In vitro studies were conducted to compare drug diffusion pattern across the human Cadaver skin (HCS) of promising batches of TLEs and REVs. A significantly low (p<0.05) flux [0.628(0.046) mg/cm2/h] obtained by TLEs when compared with the flux [0.785(0.050) mg/cm2/h] obtained by REVs across HCS. The flux values of ACY TLEs and REVs revealed the lamellarity. Low flux in TLEs than REVs across HCS indicated the formation of multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) in TLE method while oligolamellar vesicles (OLVs) with few lamellae surrounding the large aqueous core in REV method. Multilamellarity of the TLEs makes the liposomes to supply drug in more sustained way in the layer of HCS as indicated by high amount of drug deposition (350.7 mg) in the HCS after 72 h of application when compared with drug deposition in the HCS (321.0 mg) for the same period by REVs.Thus, the finding of the study establishes the role of REV method producing OLVs of ACY with high PDE using 5-10 fold less amount of high costing phosphatidylcholine when compared to MLVs prepared by TLE method with insignificant change in PDE but significant change in flux, which affects the release of drug at the target site.