Larynx is part of the upper respiratory tract composed of cartilaginous skeleton, muscles and mucus lining inside. This structure keeps larynx open for air passage and is one of the important factors in producing voice. A good knowledge of larynx dimensions is neccessary to obtain better results in the treatment of laryngeal disorders. The size of larynx and its dimensions are subject to sex, race and probably environmental factors variations. The present study was planned to measure the dimensions of larynx in Kermanian adult individuals. The larynx of 50 Cadavers (38 male and 12 female, aged 18-55 years with mean of 38.6) were removed by routine autopsy 24-72 hours post mortem and were fixed in formaldehide 10% and geliserin 5% for 2-3 weeks. None of the Cadavers showed histories or visible signs of laryngeal diseases. Anatomical preparations were performed with customary surgical tools and morphometric measurments carried out with a pair of compasses and a calliper rule. A total of 45 measurments such as the evaluation of the whole organ, identification of the internal and external diameters of the cricoid cartilage, height and length of the thyroid alae in different planes, angle of thyroid laminae and length of vocal cords were performed on each larynx. The mean and standard deviation for each index were calculated in both sexes. Statistical analysis showed that all dimensions except the angle between thyroid laminae are greater in male than female (P<0.05).

The left renal vein usually forms in front of aorta by anastomosis between left and right subcardinal veins. In the embryonic period connection between supracardinal and iliac veins with subcardinal transiently form collar vein around abdominal aorta. Usually posterior branches of this collar vein disappear. But, sometimes it is permanent and anteior branches of the collar is absorbed. In this condition left renal vein will appeared posterior to the aorta. In present study we are dissected 45 Cadavers in the Tehran Medical Sciences Univ, Ardabil Azad univ, Sanandaje medical univ, Semnan medical Univ. The left renal vein was passed behind the abdominal aorta only case and enter to IVC at the level of L3. This varioation in addition to pressure on left renal vein can effect on drainage of left testicular vein that is surgically important.

The left renal vein usually forms in front of aorta by anatomists between left and right subcardinal veins. In the embryonic period connection between supracardinal and iliac veins with subcardinal transiently form collar vein around abdominal aorta. Usually posterior branches of this collar vein disappear. But, sometimes it is permanent and anterior branches of the collar is absorbed. In this condition left renal vein will appeared posterior to the aorta. In present study we are dissected 45 Cadavers in the Tehran Medical Sciences Univ, Ardabil Azad univ, Sanandaje medical univ, Semnan medical Univ. The left renal vein was passed behind the abdominal aorta only case and enter to IVC at the level of L3. This varioation in addition to pressure on left renal vein can effect on drainage of left testicular vein that is surgically important.

BACKGROUND The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is one of the fasciocutaneous flaps in the thigh region based on the septocutaneous or musculocutaneous perforators derived from the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA). This Cadaveric study aimed to explore the variability of ALT flap anatomy. METHODS Ten ALT flaps were dissected (2016-20117, Mashhad Legal Medicine Organization) in 10 fresh Cadavers (7 males and 3 females). Flaps were marked in a 15 cm area centered on the middle point of a line drown from anterior superior iliac spine to the lateral surface of the patella. Dissection began by searching the skin perforators and then continued along the pathway of the vascular pedicle. RESULTS The average distance of ASIS-Patella was 44. 6 cm. The mean number of skin perforators was 2. 4 (ranged from 0 to 4). In one case, we did not find any skin perforator. The majority of skin perforators were musculocutaneous from descending branch of LCFA (66. 7%) and the remaining were septocutaneous (33. 3%). The mean length of vascular pedicle was 10. 17 cm. The average diameter of vascular pedicle was 2. 78 mm for the artery and 3. 79 mm for the vein. The average time of flap harvesting was 85. 3 min (ranged from 50 to 125 min). CONCLUSION The skin perforators supplying the ALT flap showed significant variability in number, location and course. The Cadaveric study could enhance the anatomic knowledge and operative skills of ALT flap harvesting.

Introduction: Since palmaris longus tendon is the first choice for grafting, its anatomical variation is important. This study was designed to find the anatomical variations of this tendon in Iranian population by performing a study on Cadaver.Method: In this study, 150 forearms belonged to 75 Cadavers were studied. After exploring the proximal end of tendon, tendon width was measured at its proximal end by caliper. The presence or absence of tendon in left and right, width of tendon in males and females, crown to heel height and the relationship between tendon width and height were determined. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS, and using exact Fischer test, Student t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and chi-square.Results: Unilateral absence was seen in 24% and bilateral absence in 10.7 % of 32 females. The tendon was absent in 4 cases (12.5 %) in left side, in 6 cases (18.8 %) in right side, and in 3 cases (9.4%) in both sides. Of 43 males, in 3 (7%) the tendon was absent in left side, in 5 (11.6%) in right side and in 5 (11.6%) in both sides. The mean width of tendon in males was 4.07±2.05 mm in right and 3.97±2.16 mm in left side and in women it was 3.77±2.07mm in right and 3.41±2.20 mm in left side.Conclusion: The prevalence rate of unilateral and bilateral absence of PL in this study was 24% and 10.7% respectively that differs with the reported rates in studies of Asian countries such as China and Japan. There was not statistical difference between men and women in tendon width, unilateral and bilateral absence and side of absence. There was also no correlation between tendon width and individual height.

Radial artery is a muscular artery that normally aroses from brachial artery in the elbow.The radial artery is increasingly being used as a coronary bypass graft. The aim of this paper is to report details of rare multiple variations in the radial artery of a male Iranian Cadaver. In routine dissection, it was observed that the right side radial artery arose from brachial artery in the arm. It then desended toward elbow by passing under biceps brachii tendon and leaned toward lateral side of the forearm and went toward the wrist.It then curled posterolateraly round the carpus went beneath the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, and brevis crossed anatomical snuff box. In the proximal end of the first intermetacarpal space, radial artery had a branch for deep palmar arch, but the main trunk of artery continued toward the first web .Ultimately, by passing under the first dorsal interosseous muscle, it entered the palm and then divided into two branches that median artery had formed an anastomotic ring like a rhomboid. From this anastomotic ring two branches had separated, one for thumb and one for index finger. This variation in the route of the radial artery in hand, is the fist time to be reported and is not reported in the available data.

Background & Aim: Neuroanatomical and microsurgical training have become an important part of neurosurgical training. The knowledge of the complex anatomy of the cerebral vasculature coupled with a precise and accurate microsurgical technique is the mainstay for success in cerebrovascular surgery. ICG is a valuable tool to assess intraoperative details in vascular neurosurgical procedures.The objectives of this study were to use ICG angiography to image Cadaver brain vascular system.Methods & Materials/Patients: The fresh brain of Cadavers was extracted and the vessels were injected with ICG. The imaging with the hand-made device equipped with 3D lens performed after the dissection.We introduced a new technique for ICG application in the Cadaver.Results: We recorded ICG angiography video of cerebrovascular structure. This was the first report of ICG application in the Cadaver brain. The images were very useful for learning anatomy of cerebrovasc ular structure.Conclusion: The knowledge of microvascular anatomy of the brain needs to be understood for diagnosis and miccrosurgery of brain vascular disease. ICG angiography of Cadaver may help students and residents for better understanding of anatomy.

Background & Aims: The Plantaris muscle is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg and is absent in some individuals. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the absence variation of Plantaris muscle and its possible relation with Palmaris longus and fifth superficial flexor digitorum of the hand.Methods: 83 fresh Cadavers, referred to legal medicine center, Kerman, Iran from April 2010 to November 2011 were enrolled in the study. Dissection was performed using mini incisions and the results were recorded in a questionnaire including presence or absence, length and width of the Plantaris and Palmaris longus tendons, and the presence or absence of the fifth superficial flexor. The suitability of the Palmaris and Plantaris tendons was assessed using the previously described criteria and according to the criteria that are proposed by us.Results: 8 of the 83 Cadavers showed variations. Plantaris tendon was present in 80 (96.3%) and absent in 3 (3.7%), of which was absent bilaterally in two (2.3%) and unilaterally in one (1.2%).6 Cadavers (7.2%) were deficient in Palmaris longus tendon, 4 bilateral (4.8%) and 2 (2.3%) unilateral. Bilateral absence of fifth flexor digitorum superficialis was observed in 2 Cadavers (2.3%) and one showed unilateral absence (1.2%).There was no statistically significant relationship (p<0.05) among the presence of Palmaris longus, plantaris and fifth superficial flexor. The plantaris tendon by far showed better characteristics for graft than the Palmaris tendon.Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, considering the Plantaris tendon for graft harvest seems logic, noting its high percentage of presence and better characteristics.