Background: Streptococcus mutans is major cause of tooth decay. In addition, there is some report about effects of Streptococcus pyogenes on odontogenic infections. Herbal drugs is now administrating for treatment of some disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of CUMINUM CYMINUM and Carum carvi against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes. Materials and Methods: In this study, standard strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes were used, and ethanolic extract was prepared in the microbiological laboratory of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The experiment was repeated 6 times and chlorohexine 2% was used as a control. Results: The best effect of Carum carvi was on Streptococcus mutans, whereas on Streptococcus pyogenes both extracts of CUMINUM CYMINUM and Carum carvi showed the same effect. Conclusion: This study showed, due to the fact that the CUMINUM CYMINUM and Carum carvi extracts exhibited excellent antibacterial properties, they could be a suitable candidate in compounds such as mouthwash, toothpastes and Gums. Therefore, could be used in the prevention and treatment of future oral and dental diseases.

In order to evaluate the critical period of weed control in Cumin, an experiment with Complete Randomized Block Design and three replications was conducted in experimental field of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, During 2004-2005 growing season. Treatments included different combinations of weed free and weed infested periods (20, 30, 40 and 80 days after germination) plus weedy check and weed free check. Critical period weed control was evaluated with Gompertz and Logistic functions. Traits measured were yield and yield components, harvest index of cumin and also number and weight of weed species. Results showed the critical period was between 24-38 days after germination. With increasing interfering period at early or late growth stages of cumin, the economic yield was reduced. By extending weeding periods at early stage of growth or during the growth period, dry weight of weeds were reduced, while extending weeding period at the end of growth stage and also weed free during growth period, early or late stages of growth had no significant effects on yield components except on number of umbels per plant. Harvest index was positively affected by early weeding. It appears that early weeding was somehow more effective on yield components for cumin.

Cumin (CUMINUM CYMINUM L. ) is a flowering plant from Apiaceae family and native to the East Mediterranean to India. The main component of essential oil in cumin seeds is cumin aldehyde (63% of total oil). Despite the importance of the cumin derivative drugs little information is available on the genome and the molecular mechanisms involved in metabolic pathway of this plant. Transcriptomic studies have greatly contributed to better understand in metabolic pathways of medicinal plants. At the moment, the use of next-generation sequencing techniques, especially RNA-seq technique were considered as the suitable promising and most accurate methods of transcriptomic evaluation. In the present study, we report cumin transcriptome for the first time. Flower tissue was used to extract RNA from four samples for RNA-seq analysis. According to the results, more than 153000000 reads with length of 50 NT were achieved. Trinity software, using 25 and 32 K-mers, was used to assemble the reads. Selection of the best assembly was followed using BUSCO software based on the integer transcript sequences. After assembly of reads, 50973 genes with an average length of 725 NT and N50 value of 1136 NT were obtained. Moreover, 53103 transcripts were identified from all genes. From this number, 35860 transcripts had at least one homologous in Nr database. More than 66. 7% of all transcripts had at least one homologous in GO database (biological process, molecular function, cellular compound). Most of the genes were related to transcriptional regulation and membrane activities. In the present study, the first transcriptome profile is reported in cumin which data can be used in subsequent studies to assess expression of genes and other genetic studies in this plant.

To study the effect of water stress on some physiological characteristics, an experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design with two replications under normal and low irrigated conditions using 49 cumin endemic ecotypes collected from different parts of Iran in the crop year 2011-2012 in college of Aburaihan, University of Tehran. Physiological traits including content of proline, soluble sugars, essential oil, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and relative water content were measured beside grain yield. The results showed significant effect of drought stress on all the traits. Drought stress decreased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content, grain yield and relative water content about 40, 32, 52, 19 and 9 percent, respectively. Meanwhile, contents of proline, soluble sugars and essential oils increased about 30, 55 and 56 percent, respectively. According to the results of mean comparisons, ecotypes of Kashmar, Chatrood, Ivanaki, Gonbad, Ardekan, Sivand, Qaen and Baneh had the high amount of carotenoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, relative water content, soluble sugars, proline, essential oil content and grain yield, respectively. In general, cumin as a moderately tolerant plant to water deficit exploit different physiological mechanisms to cope with stress and breeding strategies focusing on physiological aspects can be applied to improve high yield cultivars tolerant to drought stress.

In order to quantify the cardinal temperature and hydro time germination of CUMINUM CYMINUM seeds, two experiments were conducted in complete randomized design with three replications in seed technology laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2018. In the first experiment, treatments were included: temperatures, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ˚ C and in second experiment treatment water base potentials included: 0,-0. 2,-0. 4,-0. 6,-0. 8,-1 and-1. 2 MPa. In order to quantifying cardinal temperature for germination fraction for 10, 50 and 90 % were evaluated from four models: beta, modified beta, dent-like and segmented. In this study the RMSE, R 2 and AICc were used for comparison between models. Result indicted that beta described better responses of germination rate (except D10) of CUMINUM CYMINUM to temperature compared with others models. However basic temperature of CUMINUM CYMINUM was between 0. 7 to 0. 9 ˚ C, optimum temperature about 20 to 21 ˚ C and maximum temperature was 35 ˚ C. In addition based on result of hydro time models, θ H, and Ψ b (50) for CUMINUM CYMINUM were estimated 97. 5 MPa h-1 and-0. 46 MPa respectively.

Natural materials are complicated compositions; therefore, a rapid screening of the active antioxidants is being challenged in the literature. Different polarity solvents were applied to isolate four fractions (F1, F2, F3 and F4) of methanolic extract of CUMINUM CYMINUM. Their anti-oxidative properties were tested using radical scavenging and FRAP assays. F3 (with IC50=0.006mg/mL and FRAP=521.95 mmolFe2+/L) was significantly the most active fraction. Guided isolation through bio-autography on TLC using 1, 1- diphenyl- 2 – picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) as a detection reagent led to the isolation of two antioxidant compounds from F3. F3 was injected to a preparative HPLC with the proper mobile phase (acetonitril: methanol/ water) and isolated two main compounds. These compounds were identified as Luteolin 7 glugoside and Apigenin 7 glucoside by means of1HNMR and 13CNMR and compare them with references.

Background: Correct use of CUMINUM CYMINUM and finding its different applications in medicine and industry necessitates a more clear understanding of this medicinal plant. This study deals with identifying the effects of the essential oil of this herbal plant on macrophages and tumor cell lines.Materials and Methods:CUMINUM CYMINUM essential oil was extracted from its fruit, and its effects on peritoneal macrophages and LPS stimulated macrophages were examined. MTT assay was done for evaluation of macrophages viability and the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in culture supernant was measured by Griess Reagent. WEHI-164 mice fibrosarcoma cell line was cultured with different concentrations of CUMINUM CYMINUM and cytotoxicity level was evaluated by MTT assay.Results: The viability of macrophages and also, the amount of NO production in 50 and 500 mg/ml CUMINUM CYMINUM essential oil was lower than that of the control group (p<0.001). MTT assay showed that CUMINUM CYMINUM essential oil in 50 and 500 mg/ml concentrations significantly inhibits tumor cells growth (p<0.001).Conclusion: CUMINUM CYMINUM essential oil by having immune-modulatory properties can be used in treatment of many inflammatory and immunologic disorders. Also, it can be used as a therapeutic or complementary agent in tumor therapy.