A total of fourteen dairy farms across the central province of Isfahan were visited for sampling wheat bran (WB) AND beet pulp (BP) as the main commercial non-forage FIBER sources fed to ruminants. FIBER fractions were determined using approved analytical procedures. CRUDE PROTEIN (CP) was fractionated into NPN (A), quickly degradable true CP (B1), moderately degradable CP (B2), slowly degradable CP (B3), AND unavailable CP (C), based on the Cornell Net Carbohydrate AND PROTEIN Model. Descriptive statistics AND correlation coefficients between FIBERs AND CP fractions were calculated for all samples, AND data for WB were analyzed in a completely rANDomized design. All FIBER AND CP fractions of WB except for C differed significantly across farms. The NPN, B3, AND NDF were greater but CP, unavailable CP AND B2 were lower in the WB of this study as compared to that of CNCPS feed library. The greater CP AND lower FIBERs of BP used across Isfahan as compared to that of other reports were translated into more soluble FIBER AND thus more ruminally available energy in the samples of this study. The NPN, B1, AND C in BP were significantly greater than the values found in the literature. Results indicated the necessity of a more dynamic evaluation of the nutrients in by-products if the diet formulation is to provide a more predictable animal response.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of urea-molasses treating on wheat straw quality AND utilization of different percents of ammoniated wheat straw on Dalagh male lambs.Different levels of ammoniated straw were replaced in rations by 0, 9, 18 AND 27 percent. Twenty four Dalagh male lambs were used in a completely rANDomized design AND divided in to 4 treatments. Each treatment consisted of 6 lambs during 84 days. Crud PROTEIN AND FIBER of feed stuff were measured.Blood was collected from jugular vein in first AND end of experiment. Due to urea ammunition, the CP content of wheat straw increased from 3.4 to 7.5 percent, AND NDF, ADF decreased from 70.02, 47.4 to 61.2, AND 41.3 percent, respectively. The results of current study showed that, serum glucose was not affected by treatments significantly (P>0.05). Serum urea at the beginning of the experiment for each treatment was 18.9, 28.8, 23.07 AND 26.1 respectively. This results showed a significant increase in each treatment compare to control (P<0.05). The mean values of urea were not affected significantly (P>0.05) at the end of the experiment. It could be concluded that ammoniated wheat straw treated with molasses had not adverse effect on blood biochemical parameters AND it could provide more nitrogen for lambs.

Search for an adapted forage species for feed production under existing marginal lANDs AND harsh conditions is needed to overcome sever feed shortage in Egypt. Sesbania, Sesbania aegyptiaca (Sesbania sesban, L) has shown potential for forage production AND being included in grazing systems, especially on marginal lANDs AND salt–affected soils. An experiment was conducted in the summer of 2004 AND 2005 under artesian irrigated water conditions where four cutting heights (10, 20, 30, AND 40 cm above ground level) AND three plant spacing (10, 20 AND, 30 cm between plants) were investigated. The highest average accumulated fresh AND dry forage yield obtained from cutting at 10 cm from ground surface whereas the 40 cm cutting level produced the lowest yield AND no significant difference was observed between 20 AND 30 cm cutting levels. Highest yield was obtained from second cutting. The CP% in forage harvested from 10 cm spacing was highest followed by 20 AND 30 cm spacing, respectively. Forage from 1st cutting had the highest CP% followed by 2nd AND 3rd cutting. The response of CF% in Sesbania aegyptiaca to cutting level AND time was opposite to those of CP %.

To study the effect of plant density AND planting time on quantity AND quality of forage AND seed yields in Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexANDrinum L.), an experiment was carried out a split-plot arrangement in a rANDomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj in 2007-2008 cropping season. The time of planting was assigned, on the basis of soil temperatures, at four levels (14.4°C, 17.7°C, 22.4°C, 24.7°c) to main-plots AND the plant density at four levels (350, 500, 700, 850 plant.m-2) were rANDomized in sub-plots. Analysis of variance for different traits showed that the effect of plant density AND planting time significantly affected fresh forage yield, dry forage yield, seed yield, the CRUDE FIBER (%) AND the plant height, however, the effect of plant density on CRUDE PROTEIN (%) was not significant mean comparisons for different traits showed that the CRUDE FIBER (%) decreases by increasing plant density. By increasing plant density to 700 plant.m-2, the fresh forage AND the dry forage yields increased, while in higher plant densities, the forage yield significantly decreased. Seed yield have also increased up to plant density of 850 plant.m-2. In addition, results showed that delay in planting time of Egyptian clover (planting in higher soil temperatures), fresh AND dry forage yield, seed yield, plant height AND CRUDE PROTEIN (%) forage decreased, while the CRUDE FIBER (%) increased.

Rumen degradability was determined for six wheat, three corn AND three millet cultivars in six ruminally cannulated sheep. The sheep were fed a ration containing 55% alfalfa AND 45% ground barley. All grains were incubated for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 AND 48 h in dacron bags (50-llm pore size). The mean soluble AND degradable portions, rate of degradation AND effective degradability of dry matter ranged from 3.3 to 8.2%, 80.9 to 92.8%, 5.4 to 27.5% AND 44;.8 to 74.2% for wheat, corn AND millet, respectively. Corresponding values for CRUDE PROTEIN of wheat corn AND millet ranged from 5.7 to 9.6%, 4$.7 to 83%, 5.3 to 28.9% AND 35.1 to 78.4%, respectively. It was concluded that grains varied widely in their ruminal degradability AND this information may aid in synchronizing degradation of PROTEIN AND starch in the rumen to improve lactation performance.

Determination of forage quality of available species is one of the fundamental factors for the management of rangelANDs. ADF, CF, CP AND DMD are some of the important factors in evaluation of forage quality. The present research was conducted to evaluate the forage quality of three important grasses of Aeluropus lagopoides, Aeluropus littoralis, AND Puccinellia distance at saline AND alkaline habitats of Incheh-bouron area in Golestan province. The study area has -10 m elevation AND 181.5 mm annual rainfall. During the study, samples were collected from three species with five replications from excluded area. The quality indices of acid detergent FIBER (ADF), CRUDE FIBER (CF), AND CRUDE PROTEIN (CP), AND metabolic energy (ME), dry matter digestibility (DMD) were measured at two stages of vegetation growth AND seed ripening. Then, these indices were compared at two stages for every species by applying unpaired t-test AND for three species by F- test. Forage quality of three species was higher in vegetation growth than seed ripening stage, because of high value of CP, DMD, ME AND also low degree of ADF AND CF in vegetative growth. In both phonological stages, for all factors Aeluropus lagopoides was better than the Aeluropus littoralis (p<0.05). In vegetative growth, Puccinellia distance had the same quality as Aeluropus lagopoides, but in seed ripening stage had the same quality as Aeluropus littoralis (p>0.05). In general, Aeluropus lagopoides had better quality than the two other species.

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of ten feedstuffs were investigated in yearling Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii, (290± 22 g), using 1% chromic oxide as the inert marker. The ingredients included: fish (Clopeonella sp) meal (FM), meat AND bone meal (MBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), spray-dried blood meal (BM), feather meal (FeM), solvent extract soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), corn gluten meal (CGM), wheat gluten meal (WGM) AND bakers’ yeast (BY). ADC values of CRUDE PROTEIN varied from 60% to 92. 9% (FeM AND FM, respectively). ADCCP of FM, MBM, PBM (animal origin), WGM, AND CGM (plant origin) were significantly higher than the other treatments (p<0. 05). ADCs of amino acid in feedstuffs followed a similar trend to the ADCCP, but it is not thoroughly correspondence with PROTEIN digestibility. The lowest dry matter (65. 5%), AND lipid (64. 8%) digestibility were recorded in BM AND FeM, respectively. The WGM (81. 5%) exhibited the highest digestibility of gross energy (ADCGE); the lowest was in CM (68. 1%). According to the results of this research, FM, MBM, PBM (animal origin) AND also WGM AND CGM (plant origin) were the more digestible feed ingredients for yearling Siberian sturgeon.

In order to study of yield AND some forage quality traits of mixcropping on rows of oat AND vetch, an experiment was conducted based on rANDomized complete block designed with seven treatments AND three replications at the research farm of Agriculture faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2014-2015 growing season. Treatments were included different sowing ratios of 100: 0, 70: 30, 60: 40, 50: 50, 40: 60, 30: 70 AND 0: 100, respectively, oat AND vetch. mixcropping was performed as a replacement method. The evaluated characteristics were included wet AND dry forage yield, CRUDE PROTEIN yield, percent CRUDE PROTEIN, CRUDE FIBER, ash, percent soluble carbohydrates, oat AND plant height, tiller numbers. The highest forage yield (105. 26 t ha-1), dry (29. 47 t ha-1) AND PROTEIN yield(2. 27 t ha-1) were obtained from 60 percent of oat AND 40 percent vetch sowing ratio. The higher percent of CRUDE PROTEIN(17. 49 percent) AND the most percent of ash (7. 37 percent) AND the lowest percent of CRUDE FIBER was obtained in monoculture of vetch. The highest amount of soluble carbohydrates(12. 66 percent) was obtained in 30 percent of oat AND 70 percent vetch. The highest lAND equivalent ratio for wet (1. 26) AND dry(1. 60) forage yield AND PROTEIN yield(1. 50) was obtained, respectively, 50percent AND 50percent of oat AND vetch AND 60percent oat + 40percent vetch. According to the results in this experiment it seems that oat AND vetch mixcropping on row in terms of forage quality AND quantity, can recommend as an appropriate manner compared to monocultures of the studied species.

Awareness about forage nutritional values of range species in different stages is necessary for range forage management. In order to evaluate nutritional values of six important range plant species: Astragalus gypsicolus, Astragalus sieberi, Medicago polymorpha, Medicago laciniata, Onobrychis gypsicola, Hyparrhenia hirta at two phenological stages (Vegetative growth AND full flowering) the study carried out in semi warm steppe rangelAND of Khouzestan. The samples were dried AND then the important nutritional parameters: CRUDE PROTEIN, CRUDE FIBER, ADF, digestible dry matter, metabolisable energy, ash, phosphorus AND calcium were measured. The split plot experiment at rANDom complete block design was used for data analysis AND the mean values were compared using Dunkan Test. The results showed that the forage quality in all of species were higher in vegetative growth than full flowering stage. Amount of CRUDE PROTEIN, digestible dry matter, metabolisable energy, ash, calcium AND phosphorus were decreased with development of growth but amont of CRUDE fieber AND ADF were increased. The highest percentage of CRUDE PROTEIN AND the lowest percentage of ADF obtained in Astragalus gypsicolus but the lowest percentage of CRUDE PROTEIN AND the highest percentage of ADF were in Hyparrhina hirta. The DMD in range legumes were %63.4 to %75.8 but in the only range grass under study was %42.

Some factors affecting CRUDE PROTEIN balance (CPB), as a measure of efficiency, were studied using 2824 records of 501 lactating Holstein cows. The CPB (kg d-1) was calculated as CRUDE PROTEIN (CP) intake (kg) minus CP yield (kg). Two different statistical methods including principal components (PCs) AND general linear model analyses were used to study the effects of different factors. CRUDE PROTEIN balance had a moderate correlation with PCs 1 (-0.206), 2 (0.318) AND 3 (-0.281), which accounted for 65.6% of total variations. Age, parity, lactation stage, pregnancy stage, dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield (MY), fat corrected milk yield (FCM), milk fat percentage (F%), milk lactose percentage (L%), milk fat yield (FY), milk PROTEIN yield (PY), milk lactose yield (LY), dietary levels of net energy for lactation (NEL), CP, ruminally undegradable PROTEIN (RUP), neutral detergent FIBER (NDF) AND ether extract (EE) AND income over feed cost (IOFC) were correlated to CPB, at least, in one of PCs 1, 2 or 3. In general, linear model analysis CPB was significantly affected by parity AND lactation stage AND had significant partial linear regression coefficients on DMI (kg d-1), F%, FY (kg d-1), PY (kg d-1), NEL (Mcal kg-1) AND dietary levels of CP (%), RUP (%), NDF (%) AND EE (%). The quadratic partial regression coefficients of CPB on NEL, CP, RUP AND NDF were also significant. The estimates for optimum dietary levels of NEL, CP AND RUP for minimizing CPB in the studied population were 1.49 Mcal/kg, 11.29% AND 7.58%, respectively. In comparison to NRC’s estimates, it seems that, more NEL, RUP AND NDF AND less CP are needed to minimize PROTEIN balance in lactating dairy cows.