Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occur in 10-20% of hospitalized patients and approximately 7% of general population. Druginduced allergic reactions can affect numerous organ systems and manifest in a variety of reactions.Objectives: This STUDY was designed to describe the frequency of different types of allergic drug reactions and uncover culprit drugs.Patients and Methods: All patients who had been admitted to Mofid Children’s Hospital, Tehran, Iran due to drug reactions during April 2009 to April 2010 were included in this STUDY. Patients who fulfilled the criteria for an allergic drug reaction according to Gell and Coombs classification, were enrolled in the STUDY and patients with ADRs whose symptoms were not compatible with allergic reactions, were excluded from the STUDY. An immunologist and allergist diagnosed drug allergy. A complete questionnaire was filled out for each patient.Results: A total number of 117 patients were evaluated for adverse drug reactions, among them, 97 (82.9%) were considered to have immunological drug reactions. The most common symptoms of allergic drug reactions were morbilliform eruptions, serum sickness, DRESS (drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms), and toxic epidermal necrolysis. In 62 patients, anticonvulsant drugs had the prominent role and the most important anticonvulsants were phenobarbital, lamotrigin, and valproic acid. In 52 patients, antibiotics were found culprit and the most common antibiotics were cefixime, co-trimoxazole, and furazolidone.Conclusions: We found that delayed types of allergic drug reactions, as well as morbilliform skin eruptions, were the most frequent presentations among our patients. Anticonvulsants were identified as the first cause in the majority of drug reactions. These medications should only be prescribed when necessary and the patients should be informed about adverse reactions. This STUDY provides a background for more extensive studies in this regard.

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occur in 10-20% of hospitalized patients and approximately 7% of general population. Druginduced allergic reactions can affect numerous organ systems and manifest in a variety of reactions.Objectives: This STUDY was designed to describe the frequency of different types of allergic drug reactions and uncover culprit drugs.Patients and Methods: All patients who had been admitted to Mofid Children’s Hospital, Tehran, Iran due to drug reactions during April 2009 to April 2010 were included in this STUDY. Patients who fulfilled the criteria for an allergic drug reaction according to Gell and Coombs classification, were enrolled in the STUDY and patients with ADRs whose symptoms were not compatible with allergic reactions, were excluded from the STUDY. An immunologist and allergist diagnosed drug allergy. A complete questionnaire was filled out for each patient.Results: A total number of 117 patients were evaluated for adverse drug reactions, among them, 97 (82.9%) were considered to have immunological drug reactions. The most common symptoms of allergic drug reactions were morbilliform eruptions, serum sickness, DRESS (drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms), and toxic epidermal necrolysis. In 62 patients, anticonvulsant drugs had the prominent role and the most important anticonvulsants were phenobarbital, lamotrigin, and valproic acid. In 52 patients, antibiotics were found culprit and the most common antibiotics were cefixime, co-trimoxazole, and furazolidone.Conclusions: We found that delayed types of allergic drug reactions, as well as morbilliform skin eruptions, were the most frequent presentations among our patients. Anticonvulsants were identified as the first cause in the majority of drug reactions. These medications should only be prescribed when necessary and the patients should be informed about adverse reactions. This STUDY provides a background for more extensive studies in this regard.

Objectives: Sodium disorders are one of the most important electrolyte disturbances in children admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). The purpose of this STUDY was to determine the frequency of electrolyte disturbances and the associated factors in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. Methods: All patients hospitalized in PICU of Ali Ebne Abi Talib Hospital during a year since October 2015 considered for the STUDY. Electrolyte disturbances involving; sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were identified in PICU. Statistical tests were determined at 5% error level. Results: The prevalence of sodium, calcium and magnesium abnormalities was not significantly different in gender of patients (P > 0. 05), but, the prevalence of hypokalemia (9. 5% versus 1. 7%) and hyperkalemia (37. 8% vs. 31. 3%) were higher in girls compared with boys. (P = 0. 021). The rate of hyponatremia (29. 3% vs. 13. 1%) and hypernatremia (18. 3% vs. 15. 9%) in children who had died were significantly higher than in alive children. (P = 0. 013). The prevalence of all electrolyte disorders was not significantly different from those of diuretics consumption (P > 0. 05). Hyperkalemia though (41% versus 27. 3%) was significantly higher in children with diuretic use than in other children. (P=0. 022). Thefrequency of electrolytes abnormalities in childrenwasnot significantly different between diseases (P > 0. 05). Conclusions: The STUDY concluded that the frequency of electrolytes was significantly different in deceased children compared to alive children. However, hyperkalemia was significantly higher in children with diuretic use than in other children. Therefore, it is much necessary to measure these electrolytes in course of hospitalization.

Objectives: This research has been conducted to STUDY antibiotic self-medication, prevalence, and reasons. Methods: A questionnaire containing 30 comprehensive questions in terms of the experience of antibiotic self-medication was prepared. In this CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY, data were analyzed using analytical statistics bases on chi-square and logistic regression. Results: The results showed that 61. 3% of the participants were self-antibiotic users. There was a significant difference only between gender and self-medication such that self-medication in males was more than females (P value = 0. 027). Conclusions: Self-medication of antibiotics is almost high and requires more information about the side effects of these drugs in order to promote rational and physically prescribed use.