COSMOLOGICAL argument is a general name that includes many different arguments, but all of its versions are a posteriori (contrary to ontological argument) and based on an apparently common feature of our experience (contrary to argument from design). I try to explain the structure of the COSMOLOGICAL argument via explaining some of its important versions. In this regard, Aquinas versions of COSMOLOGICAL argument; the arguments from motion, causation and contingency (the first three ways of his famous five ways) are discussed in details. Then I proceed to discuss Kalam COSMOLOGICAL argument, which is rooted in Islamic theological writings in COSMOLOGICAL argument, which is rooted in Islamic theological writings in the Middle Ages, and the argument from the principle of sufficient reason, respectively. Criticizing all of these versions, I conclude my paper by explaining and defending Avicenna"s version of COSMOLOGICAL argument.

In this paper, the analytical solutions of Brans-Dicke (B-D) equations with COSMOLOGICAL constant are presented, in which the equation of state of the universe is p=mΛ0ρ, under the assumption ΦRn=C between the B-D field and the scale factor of the universe. The flat (k=0) Robertson - Walker metric has been considered for the metric of the universe. These solutions are rich in the sense that they include dust B-D theory with COSMOLOGICAL constant, Nariai Λ=0 solutions, vacuum solutions of Ohanien - Tupper and inflationary Λ=0 solutions.

COSMOLOGICAL argument has been one of the most significant philosophical and theological arguments in religious traditions of different religions. In the western Theo-philosophical tradition, there have been both different interpretations and numerous criticisms presented about this argument. In this article, the most important of those arguments and their criticisms are both taken into consideration, and where necessary, the degree of validity of the criticisms has been pointed out, as well.

Among different arguments for the existence of God the Kalam COSMOLOGICAL argument is a very famous one which is elaborated by Professor William lane Craig. Craig claims that the universe began to exist, and then he continues to say: everything that begins to exist has a cause and therefore the universe has a cause. But how do we know that the universe began to exist? This premise forms the most important part of Craig’s contention, and he bolsters it by four arguments, the first two are driven from philosophy and the other two, which he prefers to name them “confirmations from sciences” are driven from sciences; the first one evokes to big bang theory and the seconds to the second principle of thermodynamic which are respectively adopted from cosmology and physics.In this essay we are going to survey Craig’s arguments and estimate their value and weight.

In this study, according to the observation data obtained through two planck and WMAP satellites, in addition to studying and describing them, we obtain the highest adjustment and correlation between the calculated value and the observation of these data. However, these satellites periodic presentation of data from the universe, which has been modified in relation to previous data, therefore requires comparative and comparative analysis between them, and by determining the coefficient of correlation between them, we can find the best value of each parameter for using in cosmic models. However, By reviewing this article, the following results are obtained: 1. The Hubble parameter is presented as the most important factor in determining other basic PARAMETERS of cosmology and its values in various articles. According to recent data, the value of this parameter has been obtained over the past 25 years in the range of 50 < H0 (km/sec. Mpc) < 80, but the amount now considered as the most probable data for the current Hubble parameter, The latest announcement by Planck Satellite in 2015, H0 = 67. 9 ± 1. 5 (km/sec. Mpc). 2. Different density PARAMETERS such as ordinary and dark matter, baryonium, neutrino and dark energy were introduced as another fundamental parameter of cosmology and their methods of determination were investigated. Considering the very different data, the density of ordinary matter And the dark is in the range 0. 1 <Ω _m <0. 5. Also, the appropriate interval for the baryon density parameter is 0. 01 <Ω _b h^2 <0. 025. The last values given for the baronic density and cold dark matter and the whole world in 2015 were given by Planck satellite as Ω bh2= 0. 02217 ± 0. 00033 and Ω ch2= 0. 1186 ± 0. 0031. All quantities given by various papers for the total density of the universe support a value of Ω _0 ~ 1, and this represents the flat cosmology model for our current universe. With respect to this value of Ω _0, the current density of the universe is ρ 0(t) = 1. 880 × 10-29 h2 Ω (t) (gr/cm3). 3. The age of the universe was studied as one of the other fundamental PARAMETERS of the universe. By summarizing different data, an interval can be drawn 1. 2 × 10 10 (yrs) ≤ t0≤ 1. 8 × 10 10 (yrs) for the current age of the world, but according to the latest Planck satellite data, the most likely value for the current age of the world is 13. 82 Billions of years. Finally, a comparative analysis was carried out between some of the other important COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS according to Planck and WMAP data that are used to solve some cosmic problems and astrophysics. This research can be used for any expert who considers astronomy and astrophysics issues as a guidebook for examining cosmic models.

In this paper, we investigate geometric quantization of massive superparticles in four dimensional space-time, which preserves $frac{1}{4}$ of the target space supersymmetry. Because the black holes (also massive black holes) are strong gravitational system, hence, application of such quantization to the supersymmetric COSMOLOGICAL black holes would give us information about quantum gravity. As such supermassive black holes are candidate of dark matter hence our calculations are important from COSMOLOGICAL point of view. The world-line action of this model contains a Wess-Zumino term which breaks $d=4$ Lorentz symmetry. We solve Hamiltonian equation and obtain unique solution, which help to calculate prequantization operator. It yields to corresponding Dirac equation which is important in relativistic quantum mechanics. It will be useful in the second quantization of the same models. On the other hand superparticles are itself candidate of dark matter and dark matter are important from their gravitation effects, hence their quantization may yields to quantum gravity theory.

In this paper we discuss the usual derivation of Hawking radiation for a spherical symmetric black hole and the problem connected with the appearance of high frequencies in the derivation of Hawking radiation. The important view of this paper is that problem may be overcomed if one takes the back reaction effect into account. We try to solve the problem by a heuristic method; this will confront us with the well known COSMOLOGICAL constant problem.

One of the effective schools of thought in the formation and coherence of the Chinese COSMOLOGICAL imagery is the “ Yin-Yang School” . “ Tsou Yen” and “ Tung-Chung Shu” , as the main characters of this school, adapted many beliefs of the ancient Chinese people and applied them in the systematic formulation of their cosmology. The findings of the present study, which is descriptive-analytic, show that, contrary to what may seem at first glance, “ Yin-Yang” as a school, is essentially unitary, not dualism-oriented. The cosmology of the “ Yin-Yang” school is more consistent with the pattern of issuance of multiplicity from unity; in that, according to it, Tao issues “ Taiji” or “ Great Ultimate” , and the “ Taiji” , issues the contradictory and complementary forces of the universe, “ Yin” and “ Yang” . The result of the “ Yin” and “ Yang” integration is the emergence of “ Wu-hsing” or “ Five Elements” . And at last, the plurality of innumerable phenomena is condidered the various formulas of the “ Wu-hsing” compound. The eschatological declarations of this school indicate that, at the end of the world, the multiplicity, as the issuance from the “ Tao” , goes back to their original source.

In this paper, we have presented a power law scaling Kaluza-Klein COSMOLOGICAL model dominated by two interacting perfect fluid components during expansion. Barotropic equations of state for pressure and density are considered to get determinate solutions of the field equations. We have shown that the components are not conserved separately because of mutual interaction between the two fluids, and the energy densities are proportional to 1/t2.