Introduction & Objective: The use of computers and monitors (displays) has been developed due to their increasing capabilities. The presence of electromagnetic fields, infrared and ultraviolet radiations has been proven around the display, which all of them have adverse effects on human health. Therefore, this study was conducted to survey and compare the mentioned variables around the displays.Material & Methods: The present descriptive–analytical study was accomplished in Hamadan university of medical sciences in 2011. The statistical sample included 46 LCD and 50 CRT devices selected by simple random sampling. In order to assay the electric and magnetic fields, the HI-3604 device and for measuring the IR and UV RAYS, Hanger device was used.Results: The magnetic field in the CRT display was higher than the LCD display. Also the magnetic field of the front of the display was more than back position in the both displays (P=0.000). The electric field in the nearest distance of the display was higher in CRT than LCD (P=0.000). In 30 cm distances of CRT and LCD displays, 96% and 8.3% of the samples had magnetic field more than TCO standard, respectively.Conclusions: The current finding demonstrated that LCD displays radiate much lower amount of magnetic field, IR and UV RAYS than CRT displays. Life extension of the system has a great influence on the production of electromagnetic fields.

The fall of the Abbasid caliphate in 656 AH was not conceivable for many people and the elite in Iran and the Islamic community. The end of this long period of Caliphate was a heavy blow on many beliefs which had been formed in the community. There were different reactions towards these issues in the society too. Meanwhile, the formation of the thoughts rooted in religious, doctrinal beliefs and opportunism of some characters created a new atmosphere the outcome of which was the emergence of some religious sects that commonly emphasized the conclusion of religion and humanity. Influenced by the political, social and religious circumstances of the time, these new religious trends were strengthened day by day and got established in a corner of Iran. The Literalists, Naqshbandiyeh, Naqtaviyeh, Masha'shiyan were just some of these groups. The multiplicity of thoughts based on COSMIC Teleology, intensification of deviant beliefs and evasion of political centralization are only some of the outcomes of these groups.This study aims at examining this issue on the basis of the following: 1. What was the impact of the teleology-related religious teachings on the formation of religious sects on the eve of the establishment of the Safavid Dynasty?2. What was the impact of the political, cultural and religious circumstances on the formation of the teleology-based thoughts in Iran and on the eve of the establishment of the Safavid Dynasty?3. Can the establishment of the Safavid Dynasty be considered as one of the outcomes of the COSMIC-teleology-based trends formed on the eve of the establishment this dynasty?

Order and justice are the most important concepts of thought that are rooted in the worldview and ideology of each nation. Accordingly, the idea of Tensor, the Zoroastrian priest of the Sassanid era, is influenced by the religion of Zoroaster and his mythological view of the universe. In his view, myths direct and regulate the view of the pious and religious man towards himself and nature. A COSMIC order in which everything has an end and everyone acts in his own duty under the supervision of Ahura Mazda in the battle of good and evil. The mirror of this upright view on earth becomes the chief-centered system in which the three elements of the ideal king, the universal religion, and the social hierarchy, establish order and justice according to the eternity law called Ashe. Justice is transmitted from the individual to society, and all its details correspond exactly to religion and the COSMIC order. The Tensor Letter is one of the classic texts in which the outlines of the political thought of ancient Iran are drawn. Political thought reflected in this text reflects the norms of the political and social environment of this period and the author has theorized in the prevailing religious intellectual space, namely the Zoroastrian worldview. The method used in this article, based on Tensor's letter, is Skinner's text-context-based method. In this article, an attempt was made to represent the role of mythology in the formation of the COSMIC order in Tensor's letter.

One of the oldest beliefs throughout history is the belief in the existence of a supernatural power in COSMIC bodies, including the planets and stars. Our ancestors believed that what happens in the heaven has a direct effect on the events on earth. For this reason, in determining the time of sitting, marriage, campaigning, migration, travel and cultivation, the time of building cities, employing people in important political affairs and so on, they explored the universe to manage the earthly affairs. This study intends to analyze the effects of the COSMIC beliefs on the historical events of Iran in the second to seventh centuries (AH), using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of this study show that the belief in the decisive effect of the supernatural on the terrestrial events has had practical and important effects on the history of Iran. The positive aspects were the growth and development of astronomy and its related sciences including mathematics and geometry, the construction of the observatories, the writing of valuable books in the field of astronomy and the compilation of the most accurate astronomical calendars. Belief in destiny, belief in the futility of deliberation and pragmatism, procrastination of the important affairs and the change in the natural course of the events could be mentioned as its negative consequences.

Background: This study investigated the γ-RAYS shielding properties of some building materials in Sudan has been investigated. Materials and Methods: Photons attenuation coefficients and half value layer (HVL) were experimented using Cs-137 and Co-60 sources. The measurements were performed to gauge the intensity of radiation when performed unshielded, the specific thickness of selected samples was examined, using an ion chamber placed at 2 meters from Cs-137 and Co-60. Results: The results indicated that the linear attenuation coefficient (μ ) possesses a linear relationship with the corresponding densities of the samples studied and inversely with photon energy. HVL was directly proportional with photon energy. Conclusion: As a result of this evaluation the study concluded that selected samples were suitable as shielding material for gamma radiation in Sudanese laboratories.

Exposure buildup factors for water and lead have been calculated by the Monte-Carlo method for an isotropic point source in an infinite homogeneous medium, using the latest cross sections available on the Internet. The types of interactions considered are: photoelectric effect, incoherent (or bound-electron Compton) scattering, coherent (or Rayleigh) scattering and pair production. Fluorescence radiations have also been taken into account for lead. For each material, calculations were made at 10 gamma ray energies in the 40 keV to 10MeV range and up to penetration depths of 10 mean free paths at each energy point. The results presented in this paper can be considered as modified gamma ray exposure buildup factors and be used in radiation shielding designs.

Background: Radiosurgery is a focal brain irradiation technique that delivers, usually in a single session, high dose of ionizing radiation. The presence of lateral electronic disequilibrium and steep dose gradients in small fields demands special attention to the selection of a suitable detector with respect to its size, composition and response. Materials and Methods : Small circular fields were produced by home-made collimators attached to a 9MV Neptun 10 PC linac ranging from 12.5mm to 25 mm at isocenter level in 2.5 mm increment. Stereotactic beam data including percent depth dose, off axis ratio and output factor were measured using p-type silicon chip detector in a water phantom. Beam data were plotted for all available collimator sizes. Results: Percent depth dose values at depth of 100 cm show 10 percent increase with enlargement of the field sizes from 12.5 mm to 25mm. Small overestimation of output factor has been observed using diode detector. Conclusion: It is concluded for stereotactic radiosurgery with higher energy photon diode detector could be a good and reasonable choice to measure percent depth dose and off axis ratio. Regarding the output factor, it is better to compare the results with those obtained by other detectors.

Background and Objectives: Phaffia rhodozyma is a red yeast which produces astaxanthin as the major carotenoid pigment. Astaxanthin is thought to reduce the incidence of cancer and degenerative diseases in man. It also enhances the immune response and acts as a free-radical quencher, a precursor of vitamin A, or a pigment involved in the visual attraction of animals as mating partners. The impact of gamma irradiation was studied on the Phaffia rhodozyma genome.Materials and Methods: Ten mutant strains, designated Gam1-Gam10, were obtained using gamma irradiation. Ten decamer random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were employed to assess genetic changes.Results: Nine primers revealed scorable polymorphisms and a total of 95 band positions were scored; amongst which 38 bands (37.5%) were polymorphic. Primer F with 3 bands and primer J20 with 13 bands produced the lowest and the highest number of bands, respectively. Primer A16 produced the highest number of polymorphic bands (70% polymorphism) and primer F showed the lowest number of polymorphic bands (0% polymorphism). Genetic distances were calculated using Jaccard’s coefficient and the UPGMA method. A dendrogram was created using SPSS (version 11.5) and the strains were clustered into four groups.Conclusion: RAPD markers could distinguish between the parental and the mutant strains of P. rhodozyma. RAPD technique showed that some changes had occurred in the genome of the mutated strains. This technique demonstrated the capability to differentiate between the parental and the mutant strains.

This research introduces a new method for the synthesis of composite granules. The major advantage of this composite granules is absorbing ion of undesirable elements from the flowing waters or wastes as well as being applied for removal of environmental pollution, specially 137Cs as one of the well-known elements which being released in the environment during nuclear accidents. MnO2-PAN is the new granular which was synthesized in this study. Some characteristics of the compound such as morphology and crystal structure were evaluated in various ways. The impact of important elements such as interfering ions in the uptake of cesium under various temperature and various cations was evaluated. It was shown that the synthetized adsorbent follows the Freundlich relations and performing as a multi-layer separation. Due to the porous structure and homogeneous distribution in the cross-manganese dioxide absorbent, the performance of granular synthesis for absorption of radionuclide cesium is good.

Optimum distance is defined as a distance from the air-shower core in which the density of a number of particles calculated by the lateral distribution function at that distance has the least uncertainty. Furthermore, with a good approximation, this distance is independent of the characteristics of primitive ray and it only depends on the geometric shape of array. In this paper, by simulating 1000 vertical EAS of protons with the energy 300 TeV, using the CORSIKA Monte Carlo code and trigger condition, the calculated distance for the array triggering ALBORZ-1 was found to be equal to 9± 1 m. Also, it was found that this distance as well as the density of the number of calculated particles was independent of the lateral distribution function used in the calculations.