Geomagnetic storms disrupt space navigation systems such as satellite with rapid and large changes in particle flux. To study the effects of COSMIC RAYS and calculate the rate of faults and errors and provide a suitable shield against them, we need to know the energetic particles flux. In the present work, we have obtained protons flux and energy range by simulating in different solar cycles and in 4 major solar flare events. In the first step of the proton flux simulation, we have used OMEREH. software; We have then compared the obtained data from the simulation with the experimental data from AMS collaboration and they were in a good agreement with each other. In the next step, first we have determined satellite’ s coordinates and properties using OMEREH; then we have calculated the flux of energetic protons that collide to a typical satellite in Leo orbit at the time of flares occurrence. The number of solar events increases in solar maximum. Therefore, these analyses should be done carefully and the design should be more significant in long-term space missions.

The radiation environment in deep space, where astronauts are behind the shelter provided by the Earth’ s magnetosphere, is a major health concern. Galactic COSMIC RAYS (GCR) and solar particle events (SPE) are two basic sources of space radiation in the solar system. The health risks of exposure to high levels of space radiation can be observed either as acute and delayed effects. Zhang et al. in their recently published paper entitled “ γ-H2AX responds to DNA damage induced by long-term exposure to combined low-dose-rate neutron and γ-ray radiation” have addressed the effects of different cumulative radiation doses on peripheral blood cell, subsets of T cells of peripheral blood lymphocytes and DNA damage repair. These researchers exposed animals to low dose rate 60Co-RAYS at 0. 0167 Gy h− 1for 2 h/d and 252Cf neutrons at 0. 028 mGy h− 1for 20 h/d for 15, 30, or 60 consecutive days. They reported that the mRNA of H2AX increased significantly, and showed a positive correlation with dose. Despite strengths, this paper has several shortcomings such as poor definition of low dose radiation as well as space and reactor radiation environments. Another shortcoming of this paper comes from this point that blood cell studies do not represent the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the total body. Moreover, the effects of the human immune system and DNA repair mechanisms are not included in the study. The role of pre-exposures and induction of adaptive response phenomena in decreasing the risk of radiation in deep space missions are also ignored.

Background and Aim: Notwithstanding the benefits of radiography, the staff of radiography wards must take necessary care to minimize their own and patients’ exposure to harmful RAYS. Therefore, the present paper aimed at assessing the radiolographers’ awareness and performance concerning technical and protective principles.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, all the 26 radiolographers working in the radiology wards of Vali-asr and Imam Reza hospitals of Birjand participated. In order to collect data about their performance, a checklist whose reliability and validity had been approved was provided. For the radiography staff 17 technical and 12 protective items during three work shifts were checked and recorded. In order to measure their awareness of technical and protective principles, a 12-item questionnaire was completed by each of them. The obtained data was statistically analyzed by means of SPSS software using X2.Results: Mean Performance score in the technical area in the three work shifts was 15±1.60, and that of the protective area was 10.9±1.1 both of which were at an average level. Around 46.5% of the subjects gave correct answers to protective and 37.2% of them to the technical questions. The comparison of technical and protective performance scores showed no significant difference in terms of work shifts, education, gender, and type of employment (P>0.05).Conclusion: The radiographers’ awareness of technical and protective principles was at a very low level. Therefore, both quality academic training and in-service education seem necessary.

Background: Osteoporosis is a progressive systematic skeletal illness characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), deterioration of microarchitecture of bone tissues and susceptibility to fracture caused by bone resorption. The study investigates the possible role of Alfacalcidol; vitamin D (Vit D) to mitigate osteoporosis induced by corticosteroid and γ-RAYS in rats. Materials and Methods: Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into eight groups: Control group (1 ml olive oil orally), Epirelefan group (7mg/kg sc), Vit D group (20, 000 IU/kg orally), Vit D plus Epirelefan group, Vit D plus γ-RAYS (8 Gy) group, Epirelefan plus γ-RAYS group, Vit D plus Epirelefan plus γ-RAYS group and γ-RAYS groups. Results: In Epirelefan group, mandible bone has small cavities, micro fissures, thinning and decrease in the number of trabecular, which may appear rod-like and concave beside increase marrow cavities. In Epirelefan + γ-RAYS group, the lesions were more severe with increasing osteoclast and alteration of serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase. The administration of Vit D before corticosteroid injection and pre γ-RAYS-irradiation has significantly reduced mandibular damage. Conclusion: Vit D could be efficient in mitigating osteoporosis occurred by corticosteroid and γ-RAYS in rat model.

There is no doubt that use of hybridization programs in the quinoa plant genotypes to induce genetic variation is difficult, however introducing the variations through mutation, to obtain promising genotypes, is much easier. In this research, quinoa seeds (Chipaya cv. ) exposed to different doses of gamma RAYS and were cultivated in pots and open field under salinity stress. The results showed distinct differences at all studied traits in the native and mutant plants. Gamma ray’ s irradiation caused genetic variations that was categorized based on studied traits, tolerance indices, cluster analysis of protein and ISSR data, which led to obtaining two promising mutations during M2. It should be noted that 90 and 120 Gy revealed the highest effects in producing desirable genetic variations. Also, the data resulting from the evaluation of phenotypic traits and tolerance indices of plants were confirmed by the biochemical and molecular analysis results. This research is providing new insights of using molecular breeding program for quinoa improvement to produce new promising genotypes powerfully face environmental stress and potential aid in future food shortage disasters.

Background: Radiotherapy and adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy have historically been the first treatment choices for prostate cancer but treatment resistance often limits the capacity to effectively manage the disease. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches are needed. Here, the efficacies of radiotherapy and targeting the pro-survival cell signaling components epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), with their respective inhibitors are compared. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effects of inhibitors of PI3K and mTOR (NVP-BEZ235) and EGFR (AG-1478), and X-RAYS, were evaluated in prostate cell lines (LNCaP: cancer; DU145: cancer; BPH-1: benign prostatic hyperplasia; 1542N: apparently “ normal” ) using a colony forming assay. The cells were exposed to a range of X-ray doses or varying concentrations of the inhibitors, to obtain cell survival curves from which relative sensitivities (RS) of the tumor cell lines were derived as the ratio of their sensitivities to that of the “ normal” cell line. Results: The LNCaP cells trended to be more sensitive to X-RAYS and AG-1478 exposure than 1542N cells, with RSvalues of 1. 65± 0. 48 (P=0. 1644) and 1. 37± 0. 22 (P=0. 0822), respectively. NVPBEZ235 emerged as very cytotoxic in all tumor cell lines, yielding RS-values of 3. 69± 0. 83 (DU145; P=0. 0025), 8. 80± 1. 73 (LNCaP; P<0. 0001), and 8. 76± 1. 70 (BPH-1; P=0. 0011). Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that targeted therapy, specifically that using NVP-BEZ235, might result in a more effective treatment modality for prostate cancer than conventional radiotherapy.

Mirza Saleh's Itinerary includes a detailed narrative of Western history. In this article, we have discovered the historiographic content of this itinerary and answered this question: What are the motivation, method, and attitudes of Mirza Saleh's historiography. By Thematic analysis, we found out that the high volume of historiography in this itinerary represents history's importance, both as knowledge and attitude. By frequent and detailed references to the West's history, Mirza Saleh has tried to explain the progressive foundations of western societies. In the historical attitude of Mirza Saleh, the evolution of human societies is gradual and a product of the accumulation of their experiences in the particular output of the characteristics and actions of the ruling elite. Behind the historical issues of Mirza Saleh's itinerary lies historical-comparative sociology, which is based on the distinction between the three patterns of society: "civilized society, " "savagery" (non-civilized society), and "civilizing society". Britain is a sample of the first pattern, while the Ottoman Empire shows the second pattern. Russia is an example of the third model. The difference in the patterns results from the opportunity and speed of societal progress in freedom, trade, and industry. On the other hand, it is related to the ruling elites' character and determination to advance reform on the path of progress. Iran is close to the Ottoman model, and there is no other way to save it than to choose the path of progress.

Background: Radiotherapy Treatment Planning requires different dosimetric quantities as input in order to calculate a desired dose distribution. This study has been focused to evaluate the depth dose characteristics of superficial X-RAYS being used for radiotherapy treatment.Materials and Methods: Computerized 3-D water phantom of multi-data system was used. The measurements were made through PTW (Physikalirsch-Technische Werkstalten) farmer type NT-30006 waterproof ionization chamber of 0.6cc, and PTW electrometer for digital dose rate reading in Gy/min using five different diameter applicators and filters at five different values of accelerating potentials (kVps).Results: The dose rate at various kVp X-ray beams was observed to decrease significantly with increasing depth in water phantom for all applicator diameters from 98% (at 0.1cm depth) down to 43% (at 2cm i.e. reference condition). The dose rate increases by increasing the value of kVp with a maximum at 150 kVp (1.6 and 0.93 Gy/ min for respective applicator diameters 2.5cm and 10cm). Applicator with 2.5cm diameter demonstrates better dose rate at 85kVp at different depths. PDD decreases lower than 50% for all combination of applicators and kVps at/or above 2cm depth so these measurements should not be considered for treatment planning.Conclusion: Higher energy X-RAYS are suggested to be used for applicators of higher diameters and smaller energy X-RAYS for applicators having smaller diameters.