Background and aim: Side effects of cigarette smoking are among the major concerns. These complications can adversely affect the oral environment. Since reduced salivary flow RATE increases the incidence of tooth decay and other dental and oral problems, the present research aimed to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and salivary flow RATE. Materials and Methods: In this historical cohort study, 50 cigarette smokers (case) and 50 non-smokers (control) were involved, who were matched according to age and gender. Non-stimulated whole saliva was measured by using the modified Schirmer test (MST) performed between 9 a. m. and 12 p. m. by a trained examiner. All the participants refrained from eating, drinking and smoking for 2 hours prior to the study. The subjects were asked to sit in an upright position and to raise and slowly retract their tongue, to avoid unintentional wetting of the Schirmer test’ s strip. The strip was kept vertically with the help of cotton pliers, while the bottom of the paper was in contact with the floor of the mouth. The length of the wet area on the strip was recorded at the intervals of 1, 2 and 3 minutes. Data were analyzed with Mann-U-Whitney and Chi-square tests. Results: The quantitative value of salivary flow RATE was equal to 24. 8± 2. 4mm in controls, and 15. 8± 2. 1mm in the case group (P<0. 001). 30% of non-smokers and 90% of smokers exhibited reduced salivary flow RATE (P<0. 000). Conclusion: It seems that reduced salivary flow RATE is more significant in cigarette smokers than in non-smokers.

Objective (s): Human development is about the realization of human potentials. The aim of this study was to understand the relation of human development index and its subsets on maternal mortality.Methods: This was a descriptive analysis of information derived from Human Development database and the World Health Organization data from 1990 to 2010 for 135 countries.Results: The average maternal mortality RATE in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 for the Asia, Europe, Africa, America and the Pacific were 202, 23, 637, 134 and 12 (in 100000live births), respectively. The highest human development index was reported for Oceania with the value of 0.882 and the lowest reported for Africa with the value of 0.430. From 1990 to 2008 the average maternal mortality RATE has fallen 2.1 percent annually.CORRELATION between maternal mortality and the human development index were -0.879. The maternal mortality RATEs were correlated with life expectancy, per capita income and education -0.886, -0.515 and -0.827. (P value <0.01) There was also a significant relationship between livings in different continents and maternal mortality (P value <0.05).Conclusion: Human development index is one of the best indicators and predictor for understanding health in different countries. Improving these indicators might improve maternal health.

Background: The current study is to evaluate cardiovascular effects of anesthetic medications and volatile anesthetics on cardiac stress using cardiac stress index (CSI) and RATE pressure product (RPP) and to determine which of them in useful in evaluating cardiac stress after comparing results obtained from each method.Materials and methods: 40 patients, 60-80 years old, who were all performed trans abdominal prostatectomy were studied. Patients were divided into two groups, half of patients were placed in group A and the other half in group B. The study was carried out as a blinded study. CSI was measured and evaluated in group A and RPP changes were studied in group B.Results: The mean CSI were 60.25±5.57, 63.05±5.54, 55.75±4.78 and 67.65±4.88 before anesthesia induction, after induction, before surgical incision and in recovery respectively. There was no meaningful difference.RPP mean in four above mentioned stages was 10.15±0.44, 9.9±0.69, 6.8±0.36 and 9.2±0.61 respectively. There was a meaningful difference between RPP in stages before anesthesia induction and before surgical incision (P<0.0001).Conclusion: Considering the obtained results from this study, it can be seen that even in noncardiac surgery, the stress level is high in patients in the stage before surgery. This figure was not clear in RPP index case and was not in accordance with CSI, which means CSI has been able to illustRATE existing stress level better and efficiently.

Background: Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are common thyroid disorders. Thyroid hormones have a great role in regulating mucosal cells and the growth of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we investigated the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in various types of thyroid disorders. Materials and Methods: Our study included 297 patients whose thyroid status was identified by evaluation of thyroid hormones; triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) using Roche Electrochemiluminescence (ECL). H. pylori antibodies and antigen were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits in all cases. Results: Hypothyroidism had a significant CORRELATION with H. pylori infection (p < 0. 001). Hyperthyroidism was not related to H. pylori infection (p = 0. 171). Also, in hypothyroidism, female sex more than male sex had a significant CORRELATION with H. pylori infection (p = 0. 004). Conclusion: Decreasing thyroid hormones can result in dysregulation of gastric mucosal cells, therefore hypothyroidism can lead to more chance of having H. pylori infection.

Background and Aim: Controversy exists regarding the CORRELATION of saliva secretion with obesity. Considering the significant role of saliva in oral and dental health and the increasing prevalence of obesity in Iran in the past three decades, this study aimed to assess the independent association of anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI), weight gain after the age of 20 years and waist circumference (WC) with unstimulated whole saliva flow RATE. Materials and Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 313 systematically healthy subjects who referred to Guilan Dental School. Age, gender, the level of education, BMI, WC and weight gain after the age of 20 was recorded. Unstimulated whole saliva flow RATE was measured and the independent association of anthropometric indices with saliva flow RATE was statistically analyzed. Statistical significance was set at P < 0. 05. Results: 331 subjects (186 females and 145 males) were evaluated. Among them, 107 were obese (BMI≥ 30kg/m2), 114 were overweight (BMI=25-29. 9kg/m2), and 110 had normal weight (BMI=18. 5-24. 9kg/m2). The mean saliva flow RATE was 0. 33ml/minute. The odds ratio of reduction in saliva flow below the mean value (0. 33mL/minute) in obese compared to normal weight individuals was 1. 84. The cut-off point of saliva flow reduction was 10. 20 kg weight gain after the age of 20 with 62. 3% sensitivity and 61. 2% specificity. Weight gain after the age of 20 (odds ratio=1. 06, 95% CI: 1. 03-1. 08) and gender (odds ratio: 1. 87, 95% CI: 1. 18-2. 97) were found to be predictors of saliva flow reduction. Conclusion: This study showed that weight gain in adults was significantly correlated with the saliva flow RATE, and weight gain after the age of 20 years was the main anthropometric index related to saliva flow reduction. The mean saliva flow RATE in overweight and obese females was higher than counterpart males.

I.M.R is one of the most important Indexes in health system that used for in assessment of health service and appllicated determine of developing society. If well diagnose the case of mortality in developing countries we can dissolve this problem with simple Actions. This study was carried out for determine of CORRELATION between demographic factors of mother and child and I.M.R in village of Zabol that covered by home health. This investigation was a cased-control and society study on the died children that had less than one years old from January 99 to January of 2000 control group was one years children that was matched with case group for age and sex. Totally 200 children was participant in this study. Data gathering instrument was questionnaire that completed by interview with mothers and read children health record. Descriptive and analytical statistic was used for data analysis. Results indicated that there was significant relation between weight of birth (P=0.002), maturation (P=0.005), time of breast feeding (P=0.000), nutrition status of children (P=0.001) Number of child's cares (P=0.001), process of infant growth (P=0.000), mothers education (P =0.02), parents relationship (P=0.001), and number of mothers cares (P=0.04), with I.M.R. On the whole, considering the factors related to I.M.R , it is possible to decrease it through accuRATE planning and increasing the general knowledge of mothers and health staffs.

Background: Heart RATE variability (HRV) represents the sympathetic nervous system activity induced by apnea or hypopnea events among OSAS patients. However, few studies have been conducted to clarify the association between HRV parameters and polysomnography (PSG) diagnostic indices. In our study, we postulate that the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias is associated with OSAS, and HRV parameters may be an effective method for OSAS screening. Methods: Overall, 168 participants had been collected from 2011 to 2016 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soo-chow University. By apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), patients were sepaRATEd into three subsets: AHI < 5 as control group, 5≤ AHI<30 as mild-modeRATE OSAS group and AHI≥ 30as severe OSAS group. HRV and PSG parameters were collected based on electrocardiography and polysomnography system. CORRELATION analyses between standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDNN), SDNN index, RMSSD, PNN50, low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio and the AHI, ODI and MI were performed by Spearman's CORRELATION analysis. Results: Compared with control group (64. 5%) or mild-modeRATE OSAS group (67. 3%), the prevalence of arrhyth-mias was considerably greater in severe OSAS group (P<0. 05). Moreover, we demonstRATEd that LF/HF was greater in two OSAS groups than the normal group. Conclusion: CORRELATION analyses revealed a significant and positive relation between the LF/HF and AHI, ODI and MI in OSAS patients. Severe OSAS could be attributed to enhanced danger of incident arrhythmia. LF/HF ratio as a relevant feature may be an effective parameter for detecting OSAS.

Introduction: The conflict phenomenon has been always problematic in the health system leading to reduced efficiency of the staff and increased health care costs. Conflicts in the hospital are high due to frequent interactions among nurses, physicians, and other members of the treatment team and their multiple roles. This study expunged upon the CORRELATION between demographic information and the RATE of conflict among the nurses in the emergency department (ED). Methods: A total of 147 nurses of teaching hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences participated in this descriptive-analytic study in October, 2015. The nurses were selected using the random cluster sampling method. The data were collected with a researcher-made instrument. The gleaned data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment CORRELATION coefficient, and one-way ANOVA. Results: Our findings demonstRATEd that the RATE of conflict was higher in the intrapersonal dimension in nurses employed in ED of the hospitals under study compared to the other two dimensions, i. e., intraclass and interclass. There was significant CORRELATION between gender and RATE of conflict in intrapersonal and interclass dimensions while the RATE of conflict was higher among the males than females. There was also a significant association between the RATE of conflict in intraclass dimension and employment status. Conclusions: The results of this study can help managers to remove or diminish conflict-inducer factors. They may further adopt appropriate methods to manage conflict and promote nursing services through cooperative and supportive interaction.