Microemulsions are optically transparent and thermodynamically stable systems showing selective and safe extraction capability of nutraceuticals from different plant matrices. Moreover, investigation of their nanostructure (normal micelle, reverse micelle, bicontinuous) provides noteworthy information with regard to application purposes. Therefore, in the present study the extraction of lycopene from the industrial waste of tomato paste plants was done using microemulsion technique (prepared with natural surfactant of saponin and cosurfactant of propylene glycol), and the divergent nanostructures of the single phase microemulsion were investigated by electrical CONDUCTIVITY and rheological measurements. These measurements along dilution lines in the pseudo-ternary phase diagram and water titration method showed good ability in simple and fast determination of different nanostructures and their boundaries in microemulsion region. Moreover, Herschel–Bulkley modelfitted best with upward mode (shear rate–shear stress) of all tested samples.

Standard test method for bulk electrical CONDUCTIVITY (ASTM C1760) provides a rapid indication of the concrete’ s resistance to the penetration of chloride ions by diffusion. In this paper a new approach for assessing the bulk electrical CONDUCTIVITY of saturated specimens of hardened concrete is presented. The test involves saturating concrete specimens with a 5 M NaCl solution before measuring the CONDUCTIVITY of the samples. By saturating specimens with a highly conductive solution, they showed virtually the same pore solution CONDUCTIVITY. Different concrete samples yield different CONDUCTIVITY primarily due to differences in their pore structure. The feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by testing different concrete mixtures consisting ordinary and blended cement of silica fume (SF) and calcined perlite powder (CPP). Two standard test methods of RCPT (ASTM C1202) and Bulk CONDUCTIVITY (ASTM C1760) were also applied to all of the samples. The results show that for concretes containing SF and CPP, the proposed method is less sensitive towards the variations in the pore solution CONDUCTIVITY in comparison with RCPT and Bulk CONDUCTIVITY tests. It seems that this method is suitable for the assessment of the performance and durability of different concretes containing supplementary cementitious materials.

In this experimental study, we investigate the effect of volume fraction and temperature parameters on the relative thermal CONDUCTIVITY of carbon nano- tubes and the new and useful nano- fluid of copper oxide -deionized Water. Nanofluid with volumetric concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 6.0 % for evaluation of the effect of the volume fraction on the thermal CONDUCTIVITY was prepared. As well as, to investigate the effect of temperature, the temperature was limited to 30, 40, 50 degrees Celsius. For the measurement of relative thermal CONDUCTIVITY, transient hot wire method is applied by using of hot wire method and probe. With increasing temperature and volume fraction of nano-fluid, thermal CONDUCTIVITY is significantly increased compared to the base fluid. Low volume fractions are significant increase in thermal CONDUCTIVITY. Hence we could obtain thermal CONDUCTIVITY of about 7.38 percent gain that had been left in the field that provides information.

In this study one of the most important physical parameters identifying conductance of liquid solutions is investigated. Electrical conductivities of pure, distilled, municipal, industrial and river water liquids along with those of different electrolyte solutions are computed at room temperature (25°C). Obtained results for ultra pure, pure distilled, municipal, industrial, well and river water liquids with different impurities are compared at such a given temperature. A similar study is performed for different electrolytes and related results. In addition electrical CONDUCTIVITY of water liquid is compared with that of a typical NaCl electrolyte solution and interesting results for differences in conductance values are discussed.

Study of soil hydraulic properties such as saturated and unsaturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY is required in the environmental investigations. Despite numerous research, measuring saturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY using by direct methods are still costly, time consuming and professional. Therefore estimating saturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY using rapid and low cost methods such as pedo-transfer functions with acceptable accuracy was developed. The purpose of this research was to compare and evaluate 11 pedo-transfer functions and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to estimate saturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY of soil. In this direct, saturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY and physical properties in 40 points of Urmia were calculated. The soil excavated was used in the lab to determine its easily accessible parameters. The results showed that amongexisting models, Aimrun et al model had the best estimation for soil saturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY. Formentioned model, the Root Mean Square Error and Mean Absolute Error parameters were 0.174 and 0.028m/day respectively. The results of the present research, emphasises the importance of effective porosity application as an important accessible parameter in accuracy of pedo-transfer functions. sand and silt percent, bulk density and soil particle density were selected to apply in 561 ANFIS models. Intraining phase of best ANFIS model, the R2 and RMSE were calculated 1 and 1.2×10-7 respectively. The seamounts in the test phase were 0.98 and 0.0006 respectively. Comparison of regression and ANFIS models showed that the ANFIS model had better results than regression functions. Also Nuro-Fuzzy Inference Systemhad capability to estimatae with high accuracy in various soil textures.

In the present paper Electrical CONDUCTIVITY (EC) of Colloidal Gas Aphron (CGA) suspensions was measured for anionic and cationic surfactants (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and Tetradecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (TTAB)). Experiments were made for different concentrations of SDS (6, 8.1, 10 mM) and TTAB (2, 3.51, 5 mM). CGA drainage behavior was observed and measured using 1 liter measuring cylinder while recording EC. Studying the results, CGA drainage process was observed as four-phase mechanism, instead of three conventional phases. Regardless of surfactant concentration and type, the drainage process is divided in to absorption, macroscopic, bubble, and microscopic phases. Drainage rate did not change at the end of bubble phase, with the maximum value at the end of absorption phase. Results showed that electrical CONDUCTIVITY is a more sensitive property for studying CGA characterization.

Ohmic heating is defined as a process which alternating electric current is passed through food with the primary purpose of heating it due to the electrical resistance and can be specially applied as an alternative heating method. In this research, Aloe vera gel concentrates having 0. 5-2% soluble solids were ohmically heated up to 60° C by using four different voltage gradients (30– 60 V/cm). The dependence of electrical CONDUCTIVITY on temperature, voltage gradient, and concentration were obtained. Results indicated that there was a linear relationship between temperature and electrical CONDUCTIVITY. The range of the electrical CONDUCTIVITY was 0. 45 to1. 20 S/m, which was dependent on the concentration and voltage gradient, although the effect of concentration was very higher than voltage gradient. The ohmic heating System Performance Coefficients (SPCs) were calculated by using the energies given to the system and taken by the Aloe vera gel samples and were in the range of 0. 67-0. 89 and the highest SPC (0. 89) was observed at 0. 5 % and 30 V/cm.

In this research, novel conductive nanocomposites containing urethane acrylate (UA) and polyaniline/copper (II) oxide nanocomposites (PANi-CuO) were synthesized. At first polyaniline/CuO nanocomposites with different amount of CuOnanoparticleswere prepared by chemical oxidationpolymerization of aniline using ammonium peroxydisulfate as an oxidizing agent. Afterward, UA-PANi-CuO nanocomposites were mixed and then cured by ultraviolet irradiation. Analytical tests (FTIR and UV– vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction) approved chemical structure of synthesized materials. The SEM images of the nanocomposites showed uniform distribution of CuO nanoparticles in PANi matrix and UA-PANi-CuO in urethane acrylate matrix. Electrical CONDUCTIVITY measurements of PANi-CuO nanocomposites revealed that the CONDUCTIVITY of PANi decreased with adding content of CuO nanoparticles, also the CONDUCTIVITY of UA increased with adding PANi-CuO.

Soil saturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY (ks) is one of the most important soil physical properties. Information on spatial and temporal variations of the property is necessary for improvement of soil and water management. The double ring infiltrometer (DR), single ring infiltrometer (SR), guelphpermeameter (GP) and tension infiltrometer (TI) methods were compared in a silty loam soil of a farm field on the Shahrekord University campus. The water level during the experiments was kept constant at 11 cmin both of the double and single ring methods. The successive constant pressure heads in the Guelph permameter method were 11 and 19 cm. The experiment with tension infiltrometerwas performed at the tensions of -15, -10, -6, -3 and -1 cm. The mean saturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY using the DR, SR, GP and TI methods were 0.300, 0.246, 0.011 and 0.295 cm min-1, respectively.Statistical analysis using the Duncan's test showed that there was no significant difference between the measured ks values with the previously mentioned methods; however, hydraulic methods; except GP (P<0.01). CONDUCTIVITY as measured by the GP method was much low, than those obtained using the other methods. The main reason for the large difference in ks value between the GP and other methods was a hard layer with low infiltrability at a depth of 25- 30 cm.

In this paper, efficiency of defected graphene nano ribbon incorporated with additional nanoparticles on mass detection operations is studied via the Reverse Non Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (RNEMD) method. Thermal CONDUCTIVITY management of this structure is challenging because of imposed losses in electrical CONDUCTIVITY and any procedure that could manage the thermal CONDUCTIVITY of grapheme will be useful. In this paper it is observed that on the mass detection operation, due to the porosity generation in the nano ribbon surface or even creation of external nanoparticles, thermal properties of graphene change considerably. This should be noted in calibration of graphene based mass sensors. In summary, Results show that the graphene’s thermal CONDUCTIVITY would reduce by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles and thermal CONDUCTIVITY of graphene is higher when porosities and impurities are at the edges. This indicates that the location of vacancies and nanoparticles influences the thermal CONDUCTIVITY. For a better thermal management with the help of nanoparticles, with respect to the porosities, addition of nanoparticles decreases the thermal CONDUCTIVITY more and more. By increasing the cavity’s diameter from 0.5nm to 4.4nm in a specific single layer graphene, thermal CONDUCTIVITY was reduced from 67 W/mK to 1.43 W/mK.