polythiophene (PTh) and cobalt nanoparticles (Co-nps) were prepared by chemical oxidation and modified polyol processes respectively. Composites were made by mixing them in the proportions, PTh1-xCox; x = 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 5. Morphology of the samples was studied by SEM technique. Dielectric properties with temperature and frequency as variables were investigated. Dielectric constant and loss factor decreased with frequency and increased with temperature. AC CONDUCTIVITY was estimated from the dielectric data. Ac CONDUCTIVITY decreased with increase of Co-nps in the composites which indicates that electrically insulating effect has been induced by Co-nps. Small polaron hopping mechanism is found to be the conduction mechanism operated. Activation energy for ac conduction decreased with increase of frequency and weight percent of Co-nps in the composites. Electric modulus was determined and its analysis leads to the estimation of dielectric relaxation time. Relaxation time decreased with increase of temperature for all the five composites. For the first time PTh-Co nanocomposites have been reported for dielectric properties and ac CONDUCTIVITY as a function of frequency and temperature.

To estimate spatial variability of soil hydraulic functions, scaling methods were developed and have been widely used. Among these functions, physically based methods have been found more desirable because of possibility of estimating soil hydraulic functions from soil physical properties. In this paper, a new and physically based method has been described for scaling soil hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY function. In this method, use of effective capillary drive (hcM) has been proposed for scaling of soil water suction axis in the hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY function. Using this method, data of all natural soils, from sand to clay, can be presented by a unique exponential curve as reference curve. The approach was validated by 396 sets of hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY data, including all soil texture classes, taken from UNSODA database. To determine hcM, fitting Brooks- Corey and Gardner- Philip models and also a model-free method were used. The results indicated an acceptable performance of the proposed method. Brooks- Corey and Gardner-Philip models and the model-free method results showed the average absolute error of relative hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY between the scaled data and the reference curve as 0.019, 0.056, and 0.059, respectively. In the employed methods, fitting capability of the mentioned models can be taken into account as the only limitation. Thus scaling performance would be well if the mentioned models could fit well the hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY data and vice versa.

The deep internal structure of the crust can be determined using appropriate seismic and electromagnetic methods. The natural source magneto telluric (MT) method is the most suitable electromagnetic technique for probing into the deep crust. A long period magneto telluric data set obtained in the Southern Chilean Andes is investigated in this paper. Dimensionality analysis shows that the data may be regarded as with a strike 2D direction aligned to the N-S direction. Results of a joint inversion of different MT data types indicate relatively high conductive structures in the middle to deep crust beneath the volcanic arc.

Evaluation of mechanical and electrical properties of agricultural products plays an important role in equipment design and optimizing post-harvest operations. Among the crops, tomato and its products are the major processing industries in the world and its economic importance is increasing. Considering the importance of the quality and various post harvesting uses of tomato, the evaluation of mechanical properties including rupture force and deformation and the work done to establish the rupture of two tomato cultivars (Petoearly CH and Newton) were studied under penetration test based on the electrical CONDUCTIVITY. These properties were measured at three levels of 1, 3 and 5 days after harvesting. The evaluated mechanical properties of both cultivars were decreased by increasing the storage time. Interaction of cultivar and time were significant at the 1% level, for all mechanical parameters except the deformation failure in both cultivars. The electrical CONDUCTIVITY of both cultivars was decreased by increasing the storage time. Interaction of cultivar and time on the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of both cultivars were significant at the 1% level. Significant relationships were found at the 1% level between electrical CONDUCTIVITY and mechanical properties except for deformation of Petoearly CH cultivar. Among the mechanical parameters, rupture forces and rupture works of both cultivars were highly correlated with the electrical CONDUCTIVITY.

Packaging, distribution and hatchery of the cracked in eggshell are always big challenges in egg industries. Due to the high volume of the egg production in the world, sorting eggs with cracks in the shell is so important. In this study, cracks in sell eggs are detected by using their electrical CONDUCTIVITY. In this study, 203 Hy-line eggs, including 48 micro-cracks egg were used. Since there is no measurement technique for detecting eggshell crack, 100 crack eggs were selected, and have been examined by expertise. Among them, 48 eggs with micro-cracks were selected and tested. For this purpose, dielectric constant and loss factor of eggs were measured between 40 KHz to 20MHz. These coefficients are then used as input matrix of classifiers, which are artificial neural network and support vector machine.50% of data allocated for testing included 75 intacts eggs and 26 micro-cracks eggs. Both of the classifiers, Neural network and support vector machine, were detected cracks in shell eggs with 100% accuracy and 1 Kappa statistic.

Using Electromagnetic waves shields is the method in Passive Defense that helps to reduce damages caused by modern Electromagnetic threats such as EMP and HMP. The Substances which used in shields structure should have special characteristics like relevant electrical and magnetic CONDUCTIVITY coefficients. This Research is related to construction of special concrete which has high electrical CONDUCTIVITY for reduction and elimination of high power electromagnetic waves threats as electromagnetic shields in any kinds of critical and infrastructural establishments. In this paper firstly we compared the reflection of X-band wave on the pieces of the pure concrete with its reflection on concrete block 5*5*5 Cm mixed by 5 percent carbon black. In another experiment، the effect of concrete thickness on transmittance and wave attenuation was measured and finally، in another experiment، the effect of carbon black mixed concrete was investigated. The best wave absorption resulted at the 2 Cm thickness and 10% carbon black equal to 19. 35-dB.

Hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY and effective porosity are the most important parameters in determining drain spacing. These properties have temporal and spatial variation and estimating average values for them is difficult and costly. In this study, one dimensional differential equation of unsteady flow towards drainage was numerically solved using the control volume approach. Then by selecting a proper optimization algorithm, an inverse model was developed, calibrated and verified. In addition to numerical model, Glover-Dumm analytical solution was also used for the development of an inverse model. Then saturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY and effective porosity were estimated using these numerical and analytical inverse models. Results indicated, that using values of hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY and effective porosity obtained from numerical inverse model compared to experimental ones, resulted in a more accurate prediction of water table by proposed numerical method. Also, the efficiency of the proposed numerical model ( 0.93 ) is higher than the analytical ones (0.75).

Determination of saturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY Ks is needed for many studies in water movement and solute transport in the soil. Although some advances are made for direct measurements of ks, they are usually time consuming and costly. Some attempts have been made to indirectly predict the saturated hydraulic CONDUCTIVITY from the easily/readily obtainable parameters. The so-called pedo-transfer functions (PTF) proved to be a valuable tool to predict the Ks from the available soil data. The objective of this study was to derive some PTFs for different soil textures, requiring minimum input parameters. Consequently, 45 soil samples were taken and their Ks were directly measured, using the Geulph permeameter. The multilinear regression method was used to develop the pedo-transfer functions. The measurements were consisted of bulk density, particle density, field capacity, effective porosity (θe), particle size distributions, effective particle diameters, geometric mean diameter (dg) and geometric standard deviation of soil particles (δg). The normality and multi-colinearity of the parameters were tested by Minitab package. Three PTF functions were then derived, using different input parameters. The results indicated that accuracy of the derived PTFs can well predict (R2=0.73) the Ks from θe, dg and δg.

The nylon and nylon/lycra yarns were coated with electrically conductive polymers such as polyaniline and polypyrrole, via chemical polymerization process. Electrical CONDUCTIVITY of the coated yarns was measured at various strain levels using two-point probe technique and their strain sensitivities were studied. The results showed that, electrical CONDUCTIVITY of the coated yarns decreased with an increase in strain level. A sharp decrease in the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of the nylon/lycra coated yarn with the strain level was recorded whereas, a small drop in the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of the nylon coated yarn was observed. Linear relationships were found between the electrical CONDUCTIVITY and length for the nylon and nylon/lycra coated yarns. The polyaniline coated yarns showed higher strain sensitivity compared to polypyrrole coated yarns. Repeatability of the strain sensitivity of the coated yarns was examined and the coated nylon/lycra yarn showed better repeatability compared to that of coated nylon yarn. The coated yarns were proposed as a flexible strain sensor in the field of intelligent materials.

Introduction: Among the foods consumed on a daily basis, milk has the most appropriate and balanced ingredients, that is the reason milk called whole food. Milk is the only known substance in nature that can provide human body with complete and balanced nutrition. Recombined milk is a milk replacement product. Recombined milk components are more easily adjustable than milk components. The electrical CONDUCTIVITY is referred to as CONDUCTIVITY of a specific material against electric current, which is expressed in micro Siemens units per cm (mS/cm). Using electrical CONDUCTIVITY, valuable information is available about the quality of different materials, including food. In addition, by this method, as a simple and practical tool, the quality of many foods can be controlled. The aim of this study was to investigate the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of recombined milk affected by temperature, protein percentage and lactose content. Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effect of protein percentage (1, 2 and 3%) and percentage of lactose or sugar content (4, 6 and 8%) on the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of milk, pure dry milk powder without dietary supplementation was used. Lactose powder was used to increase the lactose content of dry milk powder. Sodium caseinate was used to increase the protein content of dry milk powder. Distilled water was used to increase the volume of samples. Total experiments were carried out at three temperature levels (50, 55 and 60 º C). Data analysis was also done using SPSS 16 software. Results and discussion: The results showed that temperature, protein percentage and lactose percentage had a significant effect on the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of recombined milk. The electrical CONDUCTIVITY of the recombined milk ranged from 2. 31 to 5. 7 mS/cm at 50° C, 8% lactose, 1% protein and 60° C, 4% lactose, 3% protein, respectively. The greatest and least effect on the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of recombined milk was related to the effect of protein percentage and lactose percentage, respectively. By increasing the temperature, the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of the reconstituted milk has increased significantly. The greatest changes in electrical CONDUCTIVITY (16%) of recombined milk occurred by the influence of temperature factor in protein 1% and lactose 4% and its value ranged from 2. 44 to 2. 83 mS/cm. In addition, the lowest changes in electrical CONDUCTIVITY (6%) of recombined milk were obtained by the temperature factor of 3% protein and 8% lactose, and it was increased from 4. 68 to 4. 95 mS/cm. By increasing protein content, the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of recombined milk has increased significantly. The most changes in electrical CONDUCTIVITY (107%) of recombined milk occurred by the influence of protein percentage at 55 ° C and 6% lactose, and its value ranged from 2. 42 to 5. 6 mS/cm. In addition, the lowest changes in the electrical CONDUCTIVITY (100%) of reconstituted milk occurred by the influence of protein percentage at 55 ° C and 4% lactose, and its content increased from 2. 5 to 5 mS/cm 5. These results indicate that protein percentage factor has the most effect on the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of recombined milk (compared to two temperature factors and lactose percentage). By increasing lactose content, the electrical CONDUCTIVITY of recombined milk has decreased significantly. The greatest changes in electrical CONDUCTIVITY (13%) of recombined milk occurred by the influence of lactose percentage at 60 ° C and protein 3%, and its content decreased from 5. 7 to 4. 95 mS/cm. Also, the smallest changes in electrical CONDUCTIVITY (1. 5%) of reconstituted milk occurred by the influence of lactose percentage at 55 ° C and 2% protein, and its content decreased from 5. 55 to 4. 48 mS/cm. The maximum and minimum amount of electrical CONDUCTIVITY of reconstituted milk was 5. 7 mS/cm at 60° C, 4% lactose and 3% protein, and 2. 31 mS/cm at 50° C, 8% lactose and 1% protein, respectively.