In Vivo, after administration of treatment, CONCENTRATIONs of antimicrobial agents will reduce to sub-inhibitory levels (sub-MIC) and may therefore affect the properties of target bacteria. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of sub-minimum inhibitory CONCENTRATIONs (sub-MIC) of ampicillin, gentamicin and nalidixin acid on morphology, growth, ammonium production and urease activity of proteus mirabilis. Proteus mirabilis is well recognized as an important urinary tract pathogen.Materials and Methods: Several of its properties have been studied in relation to pathogenesis manifested in urinary tract such as urease activity.Results: In the presence of ampicillin, long filamenteous cells was produced and the length of the cells was increased at the higher CONCENTRATION of ampicillin. SubMIC of ampicillin and gentamicin affected the growth pattern and prolonged the lagphase of growth. This affected was significant when gentamicin was used. Nalidixic acid of 1/2 MIC greatly reduced the growth rate, while the lag phase was not changed. In the presence of sub-MICs of ampicillin and gentamicin, the amount of ammonium production increased. In medium with 1/2 MIC of ampicillin, the ammonium production was 30 times of control, while the urease specific activity of sonicated cells did not show any significant changes.Conclusion: It seemed that the antibiotics enhanced the cell membrane permeability for substrate and enzyme. Nalidixic acid didn"t show any significant effect on ammonia production, and urease specific activity of proteus mirabilis. The results indicate that the sub-MIC of antibiotics can effect virulence factors of proteus mirabilis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between audit market CONCENTRATION and earnings quality. Because of the effects of positive and negative audit market CONCENTRATION on earnings quality, this research studies the impact of audit market CONCENTRATION on three criteria quality of earnings including: discretionary accruals, accruals quality and conservatism. This study examines the role of governmental CONCENTRATION and private CONCENTRATION on the present relationship. Using multiple linear regression analysis and using a sample of 90 firms for a period of 2011 to 2016, the results show that as CONCENTRATION increases, the amount of discretionary accruals reduces, consequently earnings management reduces. Moreover, as CONCENTRATION, accruals quality increases. Of course, there is not a significant relationship between CONCENTRATION and conservatism. In addition, evidence suggests that type of CONCENTRATION (governmental CONCENTRATION or private CONCENTRATION) has not a significant impact on the relationship between the audit market CONCENTRATION and discretionary accruals as well as the relationship between audit market CONCENTRATION and accrual quality. While the state CONCENTRATION occurs significantly, reduce conservatism.

Background & Objective: Candida genus comprises diverse species of yeast and yeast like fungi that some of them especially candida albicans are parts of the normal flora of human body. They are opportunistic parasites that cause diseases. There are currently limited effective drugs against those fungi. Hence this may lead to the emergence of resistant species. The aim of present study was evaluation of antimycotic effects of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole against candida species. Method: Present survey is an experimental study that has evaluated antifungal effects of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole on candida species which were isolated from patients. These drugs were applied to 30 cases of candida albicans and 30 of other species of candida. In addition, resistant and sensitive species of candida were used. Broth and Agar mediums were used to culture the mentioned fungi and Minimum Inhibitory CONCENTRATION (MIC) was determined for each drug. Results: Results showed that candida albicans species were more sensitive to clotrimazole and nystatin than to miconazole(P<0.01). Other candida species were more sensitive to all these drugs as compared to candida albicans(P<0.01). No significant difference was observed between the MIC averages of two methods. The MIC averages of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole for candida albicans were 2.2µg/ml, 2.6µg/ml and 18µg/ml respectively. The mean MIC of the mentioned drugs for other candida species was 0.81µg/ml, 0.56µg/ml and 1.2µg/ml respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that determination of species and doing sensitivity tests before any treatment are required and important; and on the whole, nonalbicans species were more sensitive than albicans species in the presence of the above drugs.

Background: It is well known that a brief exposure to 100% oxygen for only a few minutes could be toxic to the preterm infant. We compared the effectiveness of neonatal resuscitation with low CONCENTRATION oxygen (30%) and high CONCENTRATION oxygen (100%).Methods: Thirty two preterm neonates with gestational age 29-34 weeks who required resuscitation were randomized into two groups. In low CONCENTRATION oxygen group (LOG), resuscitation begun with 30% O2. Infants were examined every 60 to 90 seconds, and if their heart rate was less than 100, 10% was added to the previous FIO2 until the heart rate increased to 100 and SO2 increased to 85 percent.In high CONCENTRATION oxygen group (HOG) resuscitation begun with 100% O2 and every 60 to 90 seconds, FIO2 was decreased 10–15% until the heart rate reached to 100 and SO2 reached to 85 percent.Findings: The FIO2 in LOG was increased stepwise to 45% and in HOG was reduced to 42.1% to reach stable oxygen saturation more than 85% at 5th minute in both groups. At first and third minutes after birth and there was no significant differences between groups in heart rate, and after 1, 2, 4 and 5 minutes after birth there was no significant differences in oxygen saturation (SO2) between groups, regardless of the initial FIO2.Conclusion: We can safely initiate resuscitation of preterm infants with a low FIO2 (approximately 30%) oxygen and then oxygen should be adjusted with the neonates needs.

Three unities are required traditionally in fulfillment on res judicata. In French Law, this condition is provided in art. 1351 of Civil Code. Despite this article, French cour de cassation in a judgment so called Cesareo in 2006, removed the unity of cause from the conditions of res judicata. Subsequently principle of CONCENTRATION of arguments (principe de CONCENTRATION des moyens) was established in French Law. In Iranian Law, despite the fact that doctrine does not hesitate in necessity of unity of cause res judicata, in positive law there is no sign of this condition. Accordingly, Iranian Jurisprudence does not regard unity of cause as a necessary condition of res judicata. Creation of Principle of CONCENTRATION of Arguments in French law and subsequently, appearance of critical discussions about this principle, rendered an opportunity in Iranian Law to reconsidering the conditions of fulfillment of res judicata in positive law and jurisprudence?

The uranium isotopes during their course of their disintegration decay into other radioactive elements and eventually decay into stable lead isotopes. The cause of environmental concern is the emanation of beta and gamma radiation during disintegration. The present study tends to estimate uranium in groundwater trapped in granite and gneiss rocks. Besides, the study aims at estimating the radiation during natural disintegration process. The water samples were collected and analyzed following inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric technique while water sample collection was given to the regions of Kolar District, South India, due to the representation. The significant finding was the observation of very high levels of uranium in groundwater compared to similar assays reported at other nearby districts. Also, the levels were considerable to those compared to groundwater levels of uranium reported by other scientists. On the basis of this study, it was inferred that the origin of uranium was from granite strata and there was a trend of diffusion observed in the course of flow-path of water in the region.

Background: High maternal hemoglobin CONCENTRATION has been increasingly linked to poor pregnancy outcomes in recent years. This study was aimed to determine whether high maternal hemoglobin (Hb) in first trimester is associated with preeclampsia.Materials and Methods: In 2009 a retrospective study was conducted and demographic and obstetric records of 1513 low risk pregnant mother registered to a staterun hospital in Tehran were studied. The association between first trimester hemoglobin CONCENTRATION, BMI, Pregnancy weight gain, maternal age, and parity supplementation with calcium and/or multivitamin and preeclampsia was assessed in multiple logistic regression model.Results: The mean age of the studied mothers was 26.4±5.2 years. 54.1% of sample were nulliparous and 44.1% had a BMI>25 kg/m2, mean Hb CONCENTRATION was 12.5±1.1 g/dl.5.6% of pregnancies were complicated by Preeclampsia. Results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that Hb CONCENTRATION greater than 13.2g/dl (OR: 1.73, 95% IC: 1.07-2.81), BMI (OR: 1.58, 95% IC: 1.17-2.12) and calcium supplementation (OR: 0.38, 95% IC: 0.22-0.64) were significantly associated with preeclampsia.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that high Hb in the first trimester is related to subsequent preeclampsia. Prophylactic iron supplementation may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes when mother does not have iron deficiency or IDA, therefore routine iron administration to women with high Hb values might be modified.