Syntax representation could be considered as the most important phase in developing an NLP system. Most of the GRAMMARs used in these systems are phrase structure ones that try to analyze the sentence by decomposing it into sub constituents. There are alternatives to this approach and link GRAMMAR as one of them is based on the words instead of constituents, hence called lexical GRAMMAR. We are going to assess their ability for Farsi. We do this by starting from the basic relations in Farsi and adding relations to them one by one to give a set of rules for trivial patterns. In each step, link GRAMMAR parser on an appropriate test suit tests the validity of the rules.

Undoubtedly the holy Quran is a unique book in Arabic language, eloquently and rhetorically. Its words are a pure collection of Arabic literature. All poets, jurisprudents and philosophers believe it as a master art. It is a permanent treasure of Arabic and for it many sciences have been generated. It kept the Arabic language active and dynamic during ups and downs of the history. It also contains local Arabic accents which it shows the trustiness of its phonetic and structure.In this article is studied an explanation of grammatical meaning, understanding the differences between speech patterns, finding out grammatical meanings in speech patterns, and their differences in briefness, Redundancy, transparency and Ambiguity. If the GRAMMAR gets excluded of its meaning it would make it dead and prosaic.It study Arabic GRAMMAR based on the holy Quran. Thus we are going to study different grammatical patterns which it would lead to different meanings. We believe that although the statements and meanings used in Quran mention a grammatical pattern, it wouldn’t be so in Arabic poems and texts. In Quranit is not going to introduce grammatical patterns, it was the cause and source of establishment of the science of GRAMMAR. So Quran is the base of GRAMMAR. This article focuses on the books such as “Ma’ani alnahv” by Fazel Al-samaraee , “nahv alQuran” by Abd alsattar Javari and “Men vahy alQuran” by Ebrahim samaraee which are written for the GRAMMAR of the Quran.

The dependency GRAMMAR is one of the GRAMMAR formalisms that is originated according to the dependency relations of lexical elements in a sentence. This dependency is based on the valence of the lexicon; therefore, in this formalism the semantic representation of the words as valence is the backbone of the GRAMMAR. The current paper reviews the book entitled “ Persian GRAMMAR based on the Autonomous Theory in Dependency GRAMMAR” according to three major contents. Firstly, the chapters of the book are briefly overviewed. Then, the book’ s content is evaluated and analyzed and the weak and strong points of the book are studied from different perspectives. In this section, some suggestions are provided for the terminology and expressed concepts. Since dependency GRAMMAR does not belong to generative GRAMMAR, a comparison is made between the dependency and phrase structure GRAMMAR formalisms to understand the content better and to ease the mind of the reader with the generative GRAMMAR background about the basic concepts of the dependency GRAMMAR. At the end, suggestions are provided to extend the dependency GRAMMAR in the book.

Some linguists believe that word in Arabic language was initially based on one syllabus; orators have changed them according to the special countries, tribes and societies. They have contrived special acumen for any prefixes, suffixes and affixes addition. Some other linguists believed that word was initially formed based on three letters, and thus different accents and languages were ramified of that. Arabic can be known as the master of languages because it has lived a long life.It became so strong that barely one can disappear any trace of it. The present article attempts to discover and spread the Arabic GRAMMAR and its formation in this language.

To facilitate the process of teaching and committing lessons to memory, Muslim scholars have benefitted from the considerable effect of rhythm and music of speech and have therefore versified the rules and principles of certain sciences. These versified rules are referred to as “didactic poems“most of which are on Arabic GRAMMAR. They have been quite prevalent amongst Iranians.This article sets to introduce some of the Iranians’ rhymed books of GRAMMAR. Then it explores some classical books such as Jorjani’s Avamel, Zamakhshari’s Mofassal and Ibn al-Hajeb’s Kafiya. The authors of this kind of books have sometimes written their own independent books, for example, on the grammatical rules of Arabic, and sometimes have turned into verse books written by others in prose.

Current tendencies show necessity of expanding our understanding of learner independence and its role in learning and technology. In this study, a quasi-experiment was conducted to determine whether computer assisted GRAMMAR teaching affects students' GRAMMAR learning. For the purpose of homogeneity, the Nelson Test (050A) was administered and fifty male learners from Nemoneh Dolati Noor junior high school in Pakdasht, southeast of Tehran province, were selected from among seventy participants. Before teaching GRAMMAR points, a thirty-item GRAMMAR test was administered as a pre-test to both groups. After the experimental group received GRAMMAR points through power point and control group through chalk and board, both groups were tested again. The results showed that software assisted GRAMMAR teaching had significant advantage over the traditional method. It is possible that the novelty of the exposure method could raise the students' motivation to more participate and focus. In addition, the feeling of independence could result in higher self-esteem and confidence. The findings have implications for material designers, teachers and teacher trainers, and provide suggestions for further research.

The expansion of the Persian language in India began in the fifth century A.H. and reached its peak in the Safavid Dynesty when many Persian poets emerged. Since Persian was not the mother tongue of the Indians, they attempted to compose Persian GRAMMAR books. “Johar al-Tarkib” is one of these books which was written by Monshi Siwaram in the thirteenth century A.H. This book is in the form of a poetical work having 830 verses explaining GRAMMAR rules. In this research, it has been tried to closely describe, explain and criticize the work along with its differences with the present Persian GRAMMAR books.Significance of this study is to show how Indians would perceive Persian GRAMMAR. It also demonstrates the impact of Arabic on composing Persian GRAMMAR books in the Subcontinent.

Adaptive algorithm adjusts the system coefficients based on the measured data. This paper presents a dichotomous coordinate descent method to reduce the COMPUTATIONAL complexity and to improve the tracking ability based on the variable forgetting factor. Vedic mathematics is used to implement the multiplier and the divider operations in the VFF equations. The proposed method decreases the area and increases the computation speed. The linear exponentially weighted recursive least squares as the main algorithm is implemented in many applications such as the adaptive controller, the system identification, active noise cancellation techniques, and etc. The DCD method calculates the inverse matrix in the ERLS algorithm and decreases the resources used in the field-programmable gate array, also the designer can use the cheaper FPGA board to implement the adaptive algorithm because the method doesn't need lots of resources. The proposed method leads to implementing complex algorithms with simple structures and high technology. The proposed method is implemented with ISE software on the Spartan 6 Xilinx board. The proposed algorithm calculates the multiplication result with less than 15ns time and reduces the used FPGA resources to lower than 20% as compared with the classic RLS.

The present paper aims at investigating the aspectual system in; Mukriyani Kurdish language. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on the two-component theory of aspectuality (Smith (1997) and the Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp and Reyle 1993). These theories are employed to explain and categorize the relevant data in order to determine the possible aspectual categories. In this regard, a corpus including simple and complex verbs is analyzed from a semantic perspective to illustrate the possible lexical aspects (situation types) in Kurdish language. The verb phrase (VP) is regarded as the level of analysis in this research; accordingly, the verb along with its arguments and adjuncts are considered as a semantic complex conveying an aspectual meaning. The present research seeks to answer these questions: what are the main aspectual categories in Kurdish language? How can they be described at the level of verb phrase? What are those linguistic instruments which can trigger aspect shifting in the sentence? The results show that five kinds of situation-type aspects (activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive, and state) exist in Kurdish language. Also, it indicates that some elements in the sentence trigger coercion (type shifting) which is responsible for derived aspectual categories. For example, durative adverbs transform the accomplishment verbs into activity verbs. In addition, the unspecified internal argument is incompatible with the accomplishments, because it turns the accomplishment verbs into activity ones. However, the accomplishments are compatible with specified internal arguments and also with completive adverbs. Concerning activity events, they are compatible with un-bounded and durative adverbs, and also with the unspecified internal argument. Nevertheless, the bounded spatial adverbs transform the aspectual category of activity into accomplishment. As far as semelfactive is concerned, it is turned into a repetitive activity when it is combined with the durative adverbs or with imperfective aspect; but it is compatible with punctual temporal adverbs. The verbs characterized by the stative aspect are turned into dynamic when they are combined with the progressive auxiliaries. However, most of the verbs with stative aspect may not be combined with the imperfective aspect. In the same vein, the achievement verbs undergo semantic change in the presence of durative adverbs or the imperfective aspect. In fact, the grammatical aspect of imperfectivity triggers aspectual shifting when it is combined with some of the lexical aspects (such as semelfactive, achievement and state). The results show that the five kinds of lexical aspects in Kurdish language are highly influenced by grammatical computation. The argument structure and the different adverbial phrases have a great impact on determining the final aspect of the verb in the sentence. In other words, the aspect of a verb may not be regarded as a category representing an event in the real world; on the contrary, it should be considered as a grammatical entity made by different linguistic elements in the verbal constellation. In other words, the final aspectual category of a verb is determined by a syntactic relationship among verb, its argument structure, and also the adjuncts. Finally, the paper tries to present the formal representation of the different situation aspects in Kurdish language.