Kamgar, A. & Ketabchi, S. (2023). The effect of three biofertilizers on growth indices of tomato and severity of bacterial wilt disease. Plant Pathology Science 12(1), 105-112.        Introduction: Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major diseases of tomato in the world. Today, new methods based on the use of biological products for the management of plant diseases have been considered to reduce the consumption of chemical toxins and damage to the environment, to provide an organic product for consumers. Materials and Methods: The effect of three biofertilizers: Nitro Kara (containing several nitrogen-fixing bacteria), effective microorganisms (EM®: containing several species of yeasts and bacteria), and COMPOST on tomato growth indices and severity of bacterial wilt disease were evaluated in a completely randomized design in greenhouse conditions. Results: Analysis of variance showed that, these three bio-fertilizers had significant effect on increasing tomato growth indices, but did not significantly reduce the disease severity. COMPOST among them had the greatest effect on tomato growth indices even in the presence of the pathogen. Conclusion: COMPOST can be considered as an improvement factor for tomato growth indices in the management program of bacterial wilt disease.

One of the most important emerging pollutants in human health, food safety, and environmental protection challenges is phthalate esters. Among these, the contamination of agricultural soils with the endocrine-disrupting chemical Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been confirmed globally. In this research, the DEHP-absorption potential of COMPOST enriched with Fe3O4 NPs was identified. The effects of the sorbent dose in the range of 2–5 g.L-1, 3–11 pH, and DEHP concentration at 5–10 mg.L-1 on absorption efficiency (%) were optimized via response surface methodology in design expert software. The kinetic equilibrium experiment results showed a two-step process, requiring 6 hours of equilibrium time for the exothermic adsorption process at 25ºC. The adsorption process of DEHP fitted best to the pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.9932) and the linear form of the Freundlich isotherm models. In the central composite design, the significant quadratic model was validated and used to predict the interaction of variables (P-value <0.0001, adjusted R2 = 0.9753). The optimum conditions of absorption efficiency (74.173%) were obtained at a sorbent dosage of 4.157 g.L-1, pH 5.85, and a DEHP concentration of 4.88 mg.L-1 with a desirability of 0.987. The comparison of FTIR absorption spectra confirmed the active participation of O-H bands (functional groups of phenol, alcohol, and carboxyl) and primary amine (N-H) in the DEHP absorption through interaction with the oxygen atom of the phthalate ester group (C=O). As a result of its successful and acceptable efficiency, using COMPOST/Fe3O4 NP absorbent based on organic wastes is a low-cost and eco-friendly technique for DEHP removal from sensitive ecosystems and also to improve the efficiency of bioremediation in agricultural soils amended by COMPOST.

Background & Aims of the Study: This study was conducted to investigate effects of biofertilizers application and its interaction with organic manures on Scindapsus aureus performance.Materials & Methods: The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with factorial arrangement of two above mentioned factors at greenhouse of Municipality fertilizer production factory. Three different fertilizers (vermiCOMPOST, granular COMPOST fortified with sulphur and trash COMPOST) were applied at four levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent of soil. The comparisons among means were made using the least significant difference test calculated at p-values<0.05.Results: Around leaves area index (LAI), performance of vermiCOMPOST (8.31) was better than other fertilizers. This increase can be related to more absorb nutrients, better nutrition and thus improve plant performance in the presence of vermiCOMPOST.Conclusions: Thus use of fertilizers and especially vermiCOMPOST in the Scindapsus aureus growth with 10% of soil, will achieve increase in all indicators of plant growth. Thus, the processes of biological conversion such as COMPOSTing in addition to economic value also have benefits for environmental protection.

Nowadays dealing with quality and quantity of urban solid wastes and recycling and separating materials as well as reusing organic wastes materials in order to generating COMPOST and bio-COMPOST are the most important issues in urban solid wastes management all around the world. With this in mind, quality enhancement of COMPOST and bio-COMPOST produced from urban solid wastes is one of major concern.In the context of a research, physicochemical characteristics of COMPOST and bio-COMPOST of Zahedan city are analyzed. COMPOST and bio-COMPOST produced in summer and winter of 1385 are collected and utilized as samples. As the outcomes of this research illustrated, concentration of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper and zinc are not in proper levels and humidity percent of fertilizers are below the normal limit due to evaporation and high temperature of summer season. In contrast, concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphor and potassium are normal. In general, keeping COMPOST and bio-COMPOST in desired quality requires more protection especially in high temperature seasons.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of COMPOST and COMPOST tea on growth and physiological parameters of Lepidium sativum L.30-day-old Cress plants treated with COMPOST and COMPOST tea were harvested and different growth and physiological parameters were measured. COMPOST tea application increased RGR, SLA, ULR and RLAGR. The contents of Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b in the plants significantly increased at the media supplemented with COMPOST 25% and COMPOST tea 75%. While total soluble sugars in leaves of the treated cress plants decreased total non-soluble sugars, proline and total protein contents increased with an increase in COMPOST and COMPOST tea contents in culture medium.. From among different measured macro elements, K was further observed as COMPOST levels rose in the growing media Finally, the highest contents of micro-elements were measured at medium supplemented with 75% COMPOST and COMPOST tea.

Incorporation of plant residues in soils is an important agricultural practice for maintaining soil fertility under organic management systems. Plant residues quality, soil physical and chemical properties, and the microbial population diversity of soils are the most important factors influencing the decomposition of added organic matter to soils. Decomposition rate of municipal wastes COMPOST, vermi COMPOST, manure and pistaco COMPOST was studied in two soil samples with contrasting texture, two herbicides and three salt concentrations under laboratory condition. Soil moisture was adjusted at 50% water holding capacity and soil samples were incubated at 28oC. The CO2 production was used as an index for decomposition rate of organic matter. Result showed that decomposition rate of pistaco COMPOST is higher than those municipal wastes COMPOST of vermi COMPOST and manure. The CO2 evolution concentration and the rate of organic matter decomposition followed y=a0+a1×e[-x/a2], and V=-A.e(-kt) equations, respectively. A positive correlation was found between the rate of organic matter decomposition and K value. The results also showed that high decomposition rate based on K value, belong to pistaco COMPOST, manure, municipal wastes COMPOST and vermi COMPOST, respectively.

Nitrogen addition, particle size, and microbial treatment are important factors in mature COMPOST production. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate some physical and chemical parameters and nutrient content in wheat straw COMPOST enriched with urea and Streptomyces. The incubation experiment was performed in a time-based, completely randomized design. To evaluate the effect of COMPOST enrichment with Streptomyces and urea on available micronutrient elements, humification index of COMPOST (E4/E6 ratio), pH, EC, C/N, temperature, Changes in moisture, and ash weight the following treatments (1) wheat residue size at three levels (R0 (<1), R1 (1-2) and R2 (2-4 cm)), (2) three levels of Streptomyces inoculation (S0 (0), S1 (0.5) and S2 (5%)), and (3) three levels of urea (U0 (0), U1 (8.05) and U2 (16.1 g kg-1)) with three replications were applied. The parameters were measured at different times during 90 days of incubation. A rapid increase in temperature in enriched COMPOST with urea and Streptomyces treatment occurred in a shorter time than the control treatment. The pH value in all treatments decreased during the first 20 days of incubation and then increased. The C: N ratio significantly decreased due to the COMPOSTing process. The humification index also reduced in the treated and control COMPOSTs after 90 days of incubation. In general, the enrichment of COMPOST with urea or Streptomyces showed increased nutrient values. However, the COMPOST treated with Streptomyces and urea exhibited the highest values of nutrients compared to others. Our results showed that co-application of our isolate and urea can be used in COMPOSTing process and improve soil properties better than non-treated COMPOST. However, large-scale COMPOSTing to prove the potentiality of the treatment in enhancement of COMPOST quality is necessary.

Introduction: Today, the issue of urban solid waste or urban waste is one of the most serious problems in the whole world. COMPOSTing plants have a significant amount of time from the production and production stage to the sale and consumption stage. In this study, the effect of COMPOST age on the quality of the COMPOST factory was carried out in Isfahan City waste management organization. Method: To conduct this study, a COMPOST mass of about 300 tons of newly produced COMPOST and prepared for sale at a particular site from the plant and was done in a special place of four and nine weeks. There are ammonia, nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium, total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, organic nitrogen, sodium, calcium, magnesium, carbon, density, EC, pH, oxygen, sulfur, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen was done at any time with three iterations of the experiment. Findings: Findings indicate that ammonia, nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, EC, pH, moisture, density, and the ration of carbon to nitrogen in the initial COMPOST are respectively as follows: 1800, 58. 35, 28. 2314, 14000, 2400, 11600, 145. 7, 245. 7, 85. 6, 286, and 54. 12. Finally in the 9th week, they changed as follows: 145. 873, 325. 81, 61. 1122, 63. 15065, 63. 1215, 13850, 71. 5, 35. 7, 005. 5, 5. 279 and 04. 22. The amount of ammonia, ammonium phosphor, mineral nitrogen, EC, moisture and density was reduced with a significant difference whereas other factors increased with a significant difference. The results of phosphor were not significantly different. Also, the results of the study revealed that ammonia, ammonium, phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrogen, EC and COD in the zero weeks were respectively as follows: 244. 26, 314. 05, 298. 73, 1153. 6, 325. 36, 6289. 2, 37. 088 and 3635. 24, whereas in the ninth week, they changed as follows: 110. 36, 141. 89, 285. 43, 366, 148. 98, 217, 728. 15, 5733. 76. The amount of ammonia, nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, organic nitrogen, as well as EC reduced with a significant difference, but the amount of COD increased with a significant difference. The results of phosphor and nitrate were not significantly different. Conclusion: Ultimately it can be concluded that the quality of COMPOST is decreased with time lapse and the more it passes after the COMPOST production, the less the food elements in the COMPOST consumed by vegetarians would be.