Globalization of trade has aroused some controversial issues which should be considered in legal studies. This paper provides an overview of "international COMPETITION law", as an intensive discussion which international trade encounters with. The spread of COMPETITION law around the world has been remarkable. But to initiate international COMPETITION law as a comprehensive system, is unworkable. It can be safe to say that the main reason is the variety of approaches about the COMPETITION law. The importance of COMPETITION law in international trade relations is undeniable, but it is an insufficiently studied field. The paper, after introducing characteristics, clusters the arenas and the sources of international COMPETITION law. Findings confirm the necessity of harmonization and the importance of international cooperation by soft law. Given the difficulties of international collaboration, this is a considerable achievement. The prevalence of soft law asserts that there is no doubt that states are no longer the only or most important actors in global law.

In order to study light COMPETITION in mixed canopy of wheat and weeds, two experiments were conducted in Ferdowsi University of Mashad, Iran during 2000-2001 cropping season (field study), and Guelph University, Ontario, Canada (2002), (growth cabinet study). The treatments of the field study included three levels of Cruciferous weeds (wild mustard, turnip weed and flix weed) and five levels of weed density (0,4, 8, 16 and 32 plants/m2 for wild musturd and turnip weed, and 0, 16, 32, 64 and 128 plants/m2 for flix weed). Randomized complete block design with four replications in an additive series technique with fixed no. of 450 wheat per square meter was employed as the experiment design. In growth cabinet study, is used a model system of annuals to examine how canopies of species having differing morphologies differed in light-interception. Wheat, wild mustard and flix weed were grown as "targets", surrounded by neighbours of a single species. Neighbours could be anyone of the target species. Plants were grown in pots, with one target plant and three neighbors plants. Results of experiment indicated that wild mustard and turnip weed (in comparison to flix weed) had more effect on PPFD and R: FR. In addition, with increase in leaf area of mixed canopy, the quality and quantity of light changed.      

Different aspects of COMPETITION in stock exchanges have been discussed in the literature from either a positive or normative perspective but this paper seeks to come up with an approach encompassing both positive and normative dimensions of COMPETITION in various aspects of stock exchanges’ activities. As far as the positive nature of the securities market and industry is concerned, conflicting trends are emerging. The liberalization of securities markets and the disappearance of technical barriers have dismantled the monopoly of national stock exchanges but led to more consolidation. However, we are also witnessing a destabilizing and fragmenting effect of COMPETITION on these markets. Following an analysis of the importance of recognition of the normative/positive dichotomy in approaching COMPETITION in financial services, we discuss the centrality of information disclosure in creating competitive and stable financial markets. Disclosure of information, therefore, reinforces both competitive and prudential objectives alike. In further attempt, we discuss the tension between the principles of COMPETITION and prudence alongside the conflict between COMPETITION objectives and advantages in economies of scope and scale. While arguments in weighing the COMPETITION against economies of scope and scale are evenly balanced, the unique characteristics of such markets do not allow the absolute application of COMPETITION principles when it comes to prudential concerns.

After the U.S invasion of Iraq, Iran, Suadi Arabia and Turkey have attempted to expand their geopolitical influence in the Middle East. These actors have adopted different and various policies to achieve their goals. The present article explores the policies and strategies of Saudi Arabia and Turkey in new Iraq. The findings of this article illustrate that these regional actors have attempted to restrain Iran’s political influence in Iraq by taking advantage of social cleavages and the lack of national identity in this country. For doing so, the authors address the policies and reactions of regional powers in Iraq and they apply a three level model to explore the developments in new Iraq. At the national level, the lack of national identity, social cleavages and nation building in Iraq have been examined. At the regional level, the COMPETITION between regional powers and at the international level, the approaches and strategies of the United Stated have been analyzed.

This paper examines the impact of COMPETITION law on the degree of local COMPETITION, competitiveness and the standard of living. Data is obtained from the World Economic Forum2003 and Global COMPETITION Review2003 – in the form of different indices calculated for 83 less developed, developing and developed countries. A system of three equations is established, which is estimated both simultaneously and in single form. The result of both models showed that COMPETITION law application affects competitiveness and thus the standard of living in a positive way (0.62). Also the simultaneous approach results on the degree of local COMPETITION showed that monopoly regulation policies influences the level of COMPETITION among domestic firms (5.4%) and through that it improves the standard of living (0.58%).

COMPETITION law is conceived as one of the most important factors in the success of free market economic systems. The idea is that if free COMPETITION exists among activists at production and distribution of goods and services, economic efficiency and ultimately total welfare will increase. While this new branch of law has long provoked fascinating interdisciplinary discussions among economists and lawyers, the legal system of Iran has recently taken the first step in this field. So it is required that from now that the underlying premises and principles of this area of law are properly discussed and examined to pave the way for deeper future researches. Certainly one of the most important and basic questions about any new regulations which it is of a determinant role in interpreting their provisions, is goals which those regulations seek to achieve. Lawyers and legal systems have no consensus on objectives of COMPETITION law. Generally, multiple goals for the said regulations are conceivable that sometimes run at odds with each in execution stage. The following article, relying on Iran legal system is to explain the objectives of COMPETITION law. It shows that the "Soul" of COMPETITION law is the preservation of COMPETITION to promote efficiencies for consumers.