Background: Giardia lamblia and Helicobacter pylori are two flagellate microorganisms that grow in duodenum and stomach. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of them in patients with dyspepsia and other GI disorders. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, co-infection of above-mentioned agents was investigated in a group of 130 patients [median age of 40 yr (range=11-79) including 76 males (58.8%)] with dyspepsia using three methods of duodenal aspiration sample, duodenal biopsy samples and evaluation of stool samples.Results: : From 105 patients (59 males, 46 females, median age 40 years, range 11-79) entering this study from 3 hospitals, 4 patients (3.8%) had G. lamblia and 61 patients (58%) had H. pylori. All 4 patients infected by Giardia had also H. pylori infection. Tenesmus (3 out of 4 patients) was the most common symptom in patients with H. pylori infection (48 out of 61 patients) was reflux. Other symptoms in patients infected with both organisms (4 patients) included diarrhea (2 cases), weight loss (2 cases), and loss of appetite (1 case) but no report of vomiting.Conclusion: In patients co-infected with Giardia, H.pylori differentiation by physical examination is not possible. So in those patients with positive Rapid Urease Test (RUT), stool examination for Giardia detection is recommended. In addition, metronidazole (broad spectrum, anti-protozoal drug) can be useful in H. pylori infection.

Interference between the two members of reoviridae family, which multiply inside the cytoplasm of the host cell, was investigated. Monkey kidney cells (BSC-1) were coinfected with reo and rota viruses and the amount of virus produced was determined by TCID50 and Fluorescent Focusing Assay (FFA). Upon COINFECTION the growth of reovirus was reduced considerably in presence of rotavirus. Electron microscope examination of viruses extracted from mixed infected cells revealed that only rotavirus particles were present. This observation was confirmed by examining thin section of coinfected cells in which only cytoplasmic rotavirus like particles were visualized. Interference between rotavirus and reovirus was not at the level of adsorption and receptor attachment competition. Analysis of viral RNA extracted from the coinfected cells revealed that RNA genomes of both viruses were synthesized but after the first passage only rotavirus RNA was present in the infected cells. Similarly viral proteins of both viruses were produced in coinfected cells as was shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by immunoblotting and by the immunofluorescence staining. Since there was no inhibition of viral macromolecular synthesis in mixed infected cells it was concluded that inhibition of reovirus maturation in presence of rotavirus was probably at the level of virus assembly.

The clinical and laboratory findings associated with Cryptosporidium infection in four broiler flocks were reported. The severity of Cryptosporidium-induced disease is greatly compounded by the presence of other pathogens. Tracheal swab culture on blood agar revealed a bacterium which identified as Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale by further biochemical and serological characteristics. This isolate was resistant to enrofloxacin and flumequine, and sensitive to ampicillin and tiamulin. Escherichia coli isolated from heart of the carcasses were resistant to all conventional antibiotics. Eimeria tenella was also detected in the ceca of some carcasses of this flock. Simultaneous isolation of C.baileyi, Clostridium perfringens type A, and E. coli serogroup 08 in a broiler flock affected by gangrenous dermatitis and serious weight gain loss was also reported.  

Context: COVID-19 and influenza COINFECTION may increase mortality and morbidity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recognizing the differences and similarities between COVID-19 and influenza helps us diagnose and treat these 2 diseases. Accordingly, we aimed to compare virologic, clinical, paraclinical, and radiological features and prophylactic and therapeutic management of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infections. We also provided an algorithmic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza COINFECTION in children. Evidence Acquisition: Electronic databases, including Cochrane Collaboration, PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE, were searched for the articles published in English language using the following keywords: “ influenza virus, ” “ SARS-CoV-2 virus, ” “ COVID-19, ” “ comparison, ” “ COINFECTION, ” “ management, ” “ treatment, ” “ antiviral therapy, ” “ vaccines, ” “ children, ” and “ adults. ” Boolean operations (AND and OR) were used to refine the search. No date limitation was applied. Results: SARS-CoV-2 and influenza are both RNA viruses with different receptors. The reproductive rate of SARS-CoV-2 is higher than influenza. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly adults, have higher rates of anosmia/ageusia. Organ involvement occurs more frequently in COVID-19 cases, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) occurs especially in children. Disease severity, excessive immune response, and mortality are higher in SARS-CoV-2. Radiological peripheral lesions and ground-glass appearance are characteristic of COVID-19 infection. It is important to rule out influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with respiratory problems during the pandemic. Timely prescription of currently available antiviral drugs is essential. Conclusions: Treatment of patients suspected of having a COINFECTION is determined by the patient’ s condition and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluation.

A rare severe case of the COINFECTION of cerebral falciparum malaria and dengue is reported in this paper. The patient was a 50 yr old male in the north of China, who returned from Uganda not long ago and suffered unconsciousness after fever for 4 d before the falciparum malaria and dengue infection was diagnosed via blood smear microscopy, RT-PCR and serology, although the antimalarial and symptomatic treatment was carried out, ultimately the patients died of septic shock because of multiple organ dysfunctions. This case report showed such a COINFECTION was prone to cause severe acute consequence. The timely diagnosis and delicate treatment are crucial for prognosis of patients.