Introduction: There are various virulence factors encoded by Staphylococcus Aureus, which enable them to cause nosocomial infections and mastitis in dairy cattle. The CLF-A gene mediates the bacterial colonization through binding to the extracellular matrix of the host. Treatment of such infections becomes more difficult due to increased resistance to methicillin. The current study aimed at investigating the frequency of CLF-A, mec-A, and mec-C genes inS. Aureus strains isolated from hospital infections and cow’s milk.Methods: A total of 280 clinical samples as well as 100 milk samples from cattle with mastitis were collected. After identification of isolates, methicillin-resistant strains were identifies using agar screening and the cefoxitin disc diffusion test. In addition, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of oxacillin was determined using the E-test method. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to detect CLF-A, mec-A, and mec-C genes in the methicillin-resistant isolates. Out of 120S. Aureus strains isolated from nosocomial infections, 40 were identified as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), while only 1 isolate from cow’s milk was MRSA.Results: Out of the 280 studied isolates, 35 clinical strains (87.5%) carried mec-A gene, and the frequency of CLF-A gene was 80% and 100% in clinical and bovine milk samples, respectively.Importantly, MRSA strains harbouring CLF-A gene, isolated from wound samples, exhibited the highest frequency. The mec-C gene was not found in clinical and milk isolated strains. The high frequency of CLF-A gene in MRSA strains isolated from wound indicated a probable role of this virulence factor in skin colonization, as well as distribution and spread of the strains.Conclusion: Development of an appropriate method seems to be particularly useful for preventing the distribution of such strains.

Background: Patients with chronic liver failure (CLF) faced serious medical conditions including the oral cavity. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions, saliva flow rate, and dental complications in candidates of liver transplant surgery. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, oral and dental health of 77 patients with CLF and 77 healthy individuals were assessed for oral mucosal lesions, salivation rate, DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth) index, and bone level. To carefully determine the indices and examine the patients thoroughly, a panoramic radiography was also taken from each participant. Results: The frequency of oral mucosal lesions in patients was significantly (p<0. 001) higher than the comparison group. The most frequent lesion identified was angular cheilitis followed by candidiasis. The mean saliva flow rate in the patients (0. 85 g/min) was also significantly (p<0. 001) lesser than that in healthy individuals (1. 58 g/min). The DMFT index and bone level were not significantly different between the two groups. Nor was a correlation between the MELD score and each of DMFT index, bone loss, or oral mucosal lesions. Conclusion: Mucosal lesions, especially fungal-related lesions, are more prevalent in the oral cavity of patients with CLF. The saliva production rate is reduced due to various medications used in this group. Patients with CLF are prone to oral infections and a thorough oro-dental examination is crucial in this group of patients. Vigorous oral hygiene instructions should be offered to liver cirrhosis individuals.

Introduction: The most critical clinical presentation in myofascial pain syndrome is trigger points. Trigger points are the main problem in 30% of the patients presenting to general internal medicine practice. One of the treatments used for trigger points is ultrasound therapy. The highpower pain threshold ultrasound (HPPTUS) technique is one of the therapeutic ultrasound modifications used to treat trigger points. The present randomized clinical trial aimed to investigate the immediate effect of high-power pain threshold ultrasound on treating active trigger points of the upper trapezius muscle in men with mechanical neck pain. Materials and Methods: Fourteen men with mechanical neck pain (Mean± SD age: 34. 50± 5. 24 years) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in this study. The visual analog scale (VAS), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and range of motion of cervical lateral flexion (CLF) were assessed before and after the treatment. The ultrasound probe was placed on the trigger point. The frequency was set to 1 MHz, and the intensity increased from 0. 5 to 2 until the patient reported an unpleasant sensation. The probe was held there for 4 seconds. Then, the intensity was reduced by 50%, and the probe was moved over and around the trigger point. This process was done several times for three minutes. Results: Analysis of pre-treatment and post-treatment findings showed that the VAS (P<0. 001), PPT (P=0. 001), and CLF (P<0. 001) improved significantly after applying the HPPTUS to trigger points. Conclusion: Ultrasound significantly improved the muscular symptoms of the trigger points.