The trend of development in pulp and paper industry is to have higher filler content in writing and printing papers. However, the strength of paper will be reduced by increasing filler content, despite of maintaining many benefits such as improving the optical properties. In this study, the effect of different consumption levels of GCC and CLAY fillers on the strength and optical properties of a furnish containing 70% hardwood CMP and 30% bleached Softwood kraft pulps, was investigated. The results indicated that, by using GCC filler, in comparison with CLAY, it is possible to produce writing and printing paper at higher brightness and strength properties.

Nanocomposite of CLAY-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is prepared by using carboxyl-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes and amino-functionalized organophilic montmorillonite (CLAY). The nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the morphology. The findings show uniform dispersion of CNTs.

This research work demonstrates the feasibility of accelerating bioremediation of a CLAY soil by supplementing with (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, sucrose (as an inducer for growth) and tween 80. The soil contained 7% residual gasoil. The bioremediation was stimulated by moisture adjustment to 10%, and inoculating with hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms. (NH4)2SO4 and KH2PO4 were added to the soil to obtain soil samples with C: N: P ratios of 100: 1. 4: 1. 4, 100: 6. 4: 1. 9, 100: 11. 4: 2. 4, and 100: 21. 4: 3. 4. The C: N: P of 100: 11. 4: 2. 4 resulted in more than 78% gasoil removal for duration of two months. Tween 80, in the range of 0-20mL/ (kg soil), was added to the soil samples with C: N: P ratio of 100: 1. 4: 1. 4. More than 84% removal was achieved when 10 mL/kg tween 80 was added to the soil. Sucrose, in the range of 0-20 g/(kg soil), was added to the soil samples with the C: N: P ratio of 100: 1. 4: 1. 4. For the sucrose level of 20 g/(kg soil), 79% removal was obtained in two months. Additional experiment was also conducted at two porosity levels of 54% and 22%. The removal percentage in the soil with high porosity was almost twice as compared to soil with low porosity.

Electro kinetic remediation is a promising technology for contaminated CLAYey soils. In order to estimate the efficiency of process on different soils, knowing the interaction of simultaneous different processes is very important. The results of electro kinetic process are water flow, ion and species migration against an electrical field.In this paper the feasibility of phenol removal from kaolinite using Electro kinetic remediation is investigated. Results of three one dimentional tests at constant current condition are presented. The tests were conducted for about 50 hours. Variations of pH, electrical gradient, electro osmotic flow and phenol concentration in anode and cathode chambers as well as soil specimen were measured.The efficiency of phenol removal along the soil specimen was calculated at the end of each test. In one case more than 80 percent of phenol removal was achived from soil sample. Results indicated that electro kinetic remediation is suitable for phenol removal from contaminated CLAYey soils in short time. Further experiment needed to evalute the efficiency of this technology on contaminant removal of natural polluted soils.

In this study, a non-structural and eco-friendly solution has been used to reduce scouring at downstream of screens. The upstream of screen which are known as stilling basin, are protected against scouring but the downstream of screens always are subjected to the flow scouring. Since CLAY and nanostructured-CLAY has suitable compatibility with river system and ecology as a view of the environment, the bed sediment at the downstream of the screen have been admixed with CLAY and nanostructured-CLAY, after grouting its effect on scour reduction have been evaluated in the three different flow. The experimental results indicate the positive effect of CLAY and nanoCLAY on scour depth reduction at the downstream of screens. The best performance has been occurred for CLAY and nano-montmorillonite CLAY mixture. The positive effect of CLAY and nano-montmorillonite CLAY mixture for scour length reduction is observable, and by utilizing this mixture, the length of scouring has been decreased 33 percent. Furthermore by addition of CLAY and nano-montmorillonite CLAY mixture, the scour depth reduced up to 39 and 46 percent. According to the result, utilizing CLAY and nano-montmorillonite CLAY mixture has a positive effect on scouring control, and as a practical view, it could be very useful for some cases such as rivers which bed protection by some materials such as concrete is not possible.

Nowadays, Titanium-based alloys are among the most attractive metallic materials for biomedical applications (as implants) due to their non-biodegradability, low density, good mechanical properties as well as their good biocompatibility. Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2, HA) has been widely used for biomedical applications due to its bioactive, biocompatible and osteoconductive properties. Firstly, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was synthesized by mechanical alloy method with high energy ball milling plantery, HEBM. And then in this work began with preparing hydroxyapatite, HA, from bovine bones and continued with composite in Nano CLAY powder.At the end a hydroxyapatite–CLAY (HA/CLAY) Nano composite ceramic, 80 wt.% of HA and 20 wt.% nano CLAY powder, was synthesized through a mechanical method, HEBM. The ability of apatite formation on the produced nanocomposite samples, as a yardstick for evaluation of the bioactivity, was estimated by using simulated body fluid. According to the results obtained mechanical and density values and bioactivity behavior, the sample containing 20 wt. % HA/CLAY indicated the optimal properties in mechanical and bioactivity behavior. In fact, this Nano composite sample, Ti-6Al-4V/20 HA-CLAY, is good candidate for medical purposes, bone tissue applications.

A Naturally Occurring CLAY Mineral, Hectorite, Was Used As The Support For Quaternary Ammonium Cations. The Intercalation Of The Cations By The CLAY Has The Advantage Of Separation Of The Catalyst From The Product By A Simple Filtration Technique. Several Quaternary Ammonium Cation CLAY Intercalates Have Been Used to Investigate The Effects Of Alkyl Chain Length, Size And Shape Of These Catalysts In Converting N-Butyl Bromide To N-Butyl Chloride. It Appears That The Hectorite Intercalates Have A Great Tendency For Emulsification In The Presence of Organic Solvent (Toluene) And Water. In Fact, The Emulsification Being Facilitated By The CLAY Intercalates Helps To Bring The Nucleophile From The Aqueous Phase Into Contact With The Substrate, Which Is Contained In The Organic Phase. The Rate Of The Reaction Was Measured For The Biphase Reaction (No Supporting CLAY) And For The Triphase Catalytic System (With Supporting CLAY) For Comparison. Relatively Large Differences In Reactivity Have Been Observed Between The Catalysts Chosen In This Research.The Results Have Indicated That Quaternary Ammonium With Certain Carbon Numbers Has Higher Catalytic Activity.