Background- Medicinal plants play an important role in pharmaceutical preparations and medicine. CICHORIUM INTYBUS has its own value in traditional therapy. Objective-In this study we tried to find out the most effective dose and suitable time of administration for optimum results. Methods-Doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg were administered orally to the test group. The positive control group also received CCL4 and the negative control group received normal saline. In this investigation serum enzyme activities such as ALT and AST were measured and the histopathological examinations were also studied. Results-The maximum effective dose was 75 mg/kg. Histopathological findings and enzyme levels showed that the best protective effect was seen when given within 30 minutes after CCL4 toxicity. Conclusion-In mice, LIVER PROTECTION was observed at various doses of CICHORIUM INTYBUS but optimum PROTECTION was seen with a dose of 75 mg/kg given 30 minutes after CCL4 intoxication.

In Islamic traditional textbooks modal operators sometimes come before propositions, sometimes before the predicates and sometimes at the end of propositions. This makes the interpretation of modality in each case as de re or de dicto difficult. Given Ibn SVnÏ's discussion of and sensitivity to this distinction, in this paper by examining the position of modality in the contradictories and converses of modal categorical propositions as well as their positions in modal syllogisms I will try to find a reasonable answer to this important issue.

Let E be an elliptic curve over the finite field Fq, P a point in E(Fq) of order n, and Q a point in the group generated by P. The discrete logarithm problem on E is to find the number k such that Q = kP. In this paper we reduce the discrete logarithm problem on E[n] to the discrete logarithm on the group F*q , the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of Fq, in the case where n ï q - 1, using generalized jacobian of E.

Traditional Grammarians have recognized three categories in Persian including infinitive, verbal noun and HAcsele Masdar (HM).There have been much debates on the nature of these categories especially concerning their inclusion in the category of verbs or nouns. In this paper these categories are studied within the framework of the typological prototype. According to Croft (2003) the semantic class of words alone cannot distinguish parts of speech cross-linguistically. Instead, another criterion named propositional act function is required. The semantic class includes objects, properties and actions. The propositional act functions are reference, predication and modification. It will be demonstrated that the category of infinitive and verbal noun are both a combination of action and reference. HM is not a subclass of infinitive at all, because it lacks the semantic feature of action. What has been called HM in traditional grammar is indeed the result of a derivational process with the aid of the suffix aÏi creating nouns from adjective and adjectves from nouns. The typological prototype approach provides a universal conceptual space for parts of speech that works cross-linguistically. However, the non- prototypical combinations of semantic class and propositional act functions often embrace more than one member in individual languages. In such cases we can distinguish different categories using formal and functional criteria.

Natural hazard risk assessment helps decision makers for planning and prioritizing disaster management strategies. This paper focuses on the prediction of different scenarios and assessing the risk of soil liquefaction.The vulnerability of the elements due to soil liquefaction was determined. The Gorgan state (1600 km2) in Golestan Province of Iran was considered as a case study for assessing the vulnerability due to this phenomenon. Soil deposits map, ground water depth, and the earthquake acceleration map (based on the occurred historical earthquake points) have been prepared in this study. An empirical liquefaction model as a function of the three studied variables was used to model the liquefaction in four hazard classes using the ArcGIS software. Possible scenarios were determined considering the potential of superposing the peak rate of the ground acceleration and water depth. The area of liquefied zones was estimated using the geographical information systems (GIS). In this study, the collection of data and digital maps using ArcGIS software base as well as the three-parameter model SWM, soil liquefaction hazard zonation map to the area south of Gorgan in Golestan province in Slvlhay 30Ï30 were prepared. According to the results of without risk to very high-risk potential that the area most studied in class is without risk. Aq Qala city limits because of the proximity to the center -discharge is too high earthquake hazard class, and because Gorganrood the scope of this town passes increases the probability of liquefaction.

This paper investigates spatial variability of temperature trends over Iran in the last 48 years. In order to evaluate the trends, time series of minimum, maximum, and mean temperature for all synoptic and climatologic stations throughout Iran from 1961 up to 2008 were collected. With the help of the prepared data base, the isothermal maps with spatial resolution of 15Ï15 Km were calculated and plotted by Kriging interpolation method. So that each map with 7196 pixels covered Iran’s borders. Therefore, 3 (three) arrays with dimension 7196*48 were provided.For evaluating the temperature trend, parametric methods of Linear Regression and Mann-Kendall test have been used. Using such tests on each of the arrays showed that Iran’s temperature is increasing. Such increase has happened more in flat and low height areas. Among these, minimum temperature is more important and in 60% of the country shows an increasing trend, while the increasing trend of maximum temperature covers only 27% of the country. On the other hand, the trend intensity is not the same in all the zones, and for minimum trend, its intensity in Kerman province at the west of Loot desert and in Shahdad area, central parts of Semnan province, east of Khuzestan, south of Ilam province and west of Kermanshah province is more and these areas are more endangered with environmental damages resulting from increasing minimum temperature, while the provinces of North Khorasan, Hamedan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiyari are endangered with increasing trend of temperature.

In this paper we study right n-Engel group elements. By modifying a group constructed by Newman and Nickel, we construct, for each integern n ³ 5, a 2-generator group G=áa, bñ with the property that b is a right n-Engel element but where [bk,n a] is of infinite order when k Ï {0, 1}.

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space H. Let {Sn} and {Tn} be sequences of nonexpansive self-mappings of C, where one of them is a strongly nonexpansive sequence. K. Aoyama and Y. Kimura introduced the iteration process xn+1=bnxn+(1-bn) Sn (anu+(1-an) Tnxn) for finding the common fixed point of {Sn} and {Tn}, where uÎC is an arbitrarily (but fixed) element in C, x0ÎC arbitrarily, {an} and {bn} are sequences in [0; 1]. But in the case where uÏC, the iterative scheme above becomes invalid because xn may not belong to C. To overcome this weakness, a new iterative scheme based on the thought of boundary point method is proposed and the strong convergence theorem is proved. As a special case, we can find the minimum-norm common fixed point of {Sn} and {Tn} whether 0ÎC or 0ÏC.

The issues related to medicinal plants are among the most important and interesting issues of medical sciences in recent decades. The history of taking medicinal plants goes back to the existence of man on the Earth. Almost all tribes and nations have used medicinal plants in their history. Kasni (CICHORIUM INTYBUS L.), which is known to have various effects including anti-hepatotoxic, anti-malaria, blood glucose decreasing, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, has been widely used in Iran and many other countries. In the books of Iranian traditional medicine, the plant is known as Hendeba, and the traditional Hakims considered the plant to have a cold temperament. It was traditionally taken as diuretic, laxative, and also a medicine that improves LIVER and gall bladder function as well as the appetite. Some of these effects have been approved with modern laboratory evaluations. In this study, we have tried to introduce the plant and its effects in traditional and modern medicine. This is achieved by reviewing the references of Iranian traditional medicine as well as the observations cited in recent scientific evidence, and carrying out comparative evaluation of these items.